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fun-bio > L.1 - carbs > Flashcards

L.1 - carbs Flashcards

1
Q

What are carbs composed of?

A
  • carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
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2
Q

What does carbohydrate mean?

A

Hydrate (water of) carbon

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3
Q

Name some types of carbs

A
  • sugars
  • starches
  • cellulose
  • glycogen
  • chitin
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4
Q

What purpose does sugar, starch, cellulose, and chitin do for the cell?

A
  • sugar and starch = energy source of cell
  • cellulose and chitin = structural components of cell
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5
Q

Example of a monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide?

A
  • mono: glucose
  • disacc: sucrose
  • poly: glycogen or starch
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6
Q

What is the most abundant monosaccharide?

A

Glucose

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7
Q

What disease is a breakdown of the mechanism that have revolved to keep glucose at a constant level in blood?

A
  • diabetes
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8
Q

What bond joins sugars together?

A
  • glucosidic bonds (these bonds can join sugars together and create polymers of di and polysaccharides)
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9
Q

What are the common disaccharides?

A
  • sucrose
  • lactose
  • maltose
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10
Q

What 2 monosaccharides make up sucrose

A
  • glucose-a(1-2)- fructose
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11
Q

What 2 monosaccharides make up lactose?

A
  • galactose-b(1-4)-glucose
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12
Q

What 2 monosaccharides make up maltose?

A
  • glucose-a(1-4)-glucose
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13
Q

Distinguish between alpha and beta glucose.

A
  • alpha glucose have both ‘OH’ on the bottom whereas beta glucose has one ‘OH’ on the top and one ‘OH’ on the bottom
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14
Q

What is needed to breakdown disaccharides?

A
  • enzymes. If no enzymes, we can’t break down the sugar and we can’t digest it and this can lead to stomach problems
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15
Q

What enzyme hydrolyses/breakdown sucrose?

A
  • invertase (breaks down to glucose & fructose)
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16
Q

What enzyme hydrolyses/breakdown maltose?

A
  • maltase
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17
Q

What enzyme hydrolyses/breakdown lactose?

A
  • lactase (human)
  • b-galactosidase (bacteria)
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18
Q

How can you tell you have lactose intolerance?

A
  • nausea pain
  • cramps
  • diarrhoea
19
Q

Normal lactose digestion Vs lactose intolerant.

A

normal: lactose —> lactase —> glucose & galactose

not normal: lactose —> no lactase —> bacterial fermentation —> acid & gas

Irritation caused then

20
Q

What is the most abundant carb in nature?

A

Polysaccharides

21
Q

Examples of polysaccharides?

A
  • starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
22
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A
  • thousands of monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic linages (usually glucose)
23
Q

What will turn polysaccharide into monosaccharides in your body?

A
  • enzymatic or acid hydrolysis will release monosaccharides
24
Q

What chains can polysaccharides appear in?

A
  • long single chain
  • or branded chain
25
Q

What is a-amylose?

A
  • a long unbranded chain of glucose units linked by alpha (1-4) bonds and has

Mr ~ 2000 - 500,000 daltons

26
Q

Is a-amylose soluble?

A

Not really water soluble but it forms hydrated micelles and in the micelles the polymer forms a helical coil

27
Q

What is amylopectin?

A
  • highly branded polymer that has a length of 24-30 glucose molecules depending on the species

Backbone linkage = a(1-4)
Branch points = a(1-6)

28
Q

What are amyloplasts ?

A
  • starch granules
  • constantly built and broken down by plants so they can have energy
29
Q

What enzyme hydrolysis/breaks down starch?

A
  • a-amylase enzyme
30
Q

Where is a-amylase enzyme found?

A
  • saliva and pancreatic justices and this enzyme is important for digested of starch
31
Q

What is another hydrolysis of starch other than a-amylase? Where is it found?

A
  • b-amylase enzyme
  • found in malt
32
Q

What degrades a-amylose? What can this thing also degrade?

A
  • a and b-amylase

They can also degrade amylopectin but cannot break down -(1-6) bonds

The products of this breakdown is dextrins (short chains) but the ultimate product is a limit dextrin

A debranching enzyme a(1-6) glucosidase is needed for complete refraction

33
Q

What makes up 50% of carbon cpds in plants?

A

Cellulose

34
Q

What is cellulose?

A
  • a structural carb

Wood = 50% cellulose
Cotton = 90% cellulose
The cell walls of plants are cellulose

35
Q

What are bonds between the glucose units in cellulose?

A

Beta 1-4 glycosidic linkages

36
Q

Do we have the enzymes necessary to break down cellulose?

A
  • NO!!
  • cellulose only provides a roughage in the diet (can’t digest but helps w digestion)
37
Q

What is the structural carb found in animals?

A
  • chitin
38
Q

What forms the external skeleton of insects, crayfish, and other arthropods?

A

Chitin

39
Q

What is the main component in the cell wall of fungi?

A
  • chitin
40
Q

What are glycoproteins? What does it secrete?

A
  • integral membrane proteins
  • it secretes proteins - antibodies
41
Q

What linkages of glycoprotein?

A
  • contains oligosaccharides in glycosidic linkage to serine, threonine, or asparagine
42
Q

What occurs as intermediates in energy yielding metabolism?

A
  • phosphorylation sugars
    -example: glucose-6-phosphate (glycolysis)
43
Q

What does phosphorylation do?

A
  • makes sugars an ionic and allows some of them to participate in glucosidic bonding as reactive intermediates

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