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PARASITOLOGY > (L3) FLAGELLATES 3 & 4 (BLOOD & TISSUE FLAGELLATES) > Flashcards

(L3) FLAGELLATES 3 & 4 (BLOOD & TISSUE FLAGELLATES) Flashcards

1
Q

BLOOD FLAGELLATES

A

Trypanosoma brucei complex (rhodesiense & gambiense)

Trypanosoma cruzi

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2
Q

TISSUE FLAGELLATES

A

Leishmania braziliensis
Leishmania donovani
Leishmania tropica

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3
Q

Blood and tissue flagellates have different stages of development:

A

trypomastigote, epimastigote,

promastigote, and amastigote

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4
Q

What stage is lacking in Trypanosoma rhodesiense and T. gambiense?

A

Amastigote and Promastigote

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5
Q

What is lacking in Leishmania braziliensis, tropica and donovani?

A

epimastigote and trypomastigote

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6
Q

Amastigote in T. cuzi?

A

Intracellular in macrophage in skin, liver, smooth muscle with affinity for cardiac muscle

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7
Q

Promastigote in T. cruzi

A

transitional stage only

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8
Q

Epimastigote of T. cruzi?

A

midgut of triatomid bug

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9
Q

Trypomastigote of T. cruzi?

A

in feces of triatomid bug, transfer to stages of man, present in bloodstream during acute attacks

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10
Q

Amastigote in L. donovani?

A

intracellular macrophage predominantly in liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

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11
Q

Amastigote in L. braziliensis?

A

Intracellular macrophage in skin can be transferred to mucocutaneous junction.

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12
Q

Promastigote for L. braziliensis, L. tropica & L. donovani?

A

In midgut, later in proboscis of sand fly, transfer stage to man

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13
Q

Amastigote for L. tropica?

A

intracellular in macrophage of skin and subcutaneous tissue

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14
Q

Occur in the blood of the majority of vertebrate animals

A

Trypanosomes

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15
Q

Trypanosomes:

Life cycle involves a intermediate host, which is usually ________

A

Insects

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16
Q

Pathogenisis for T. cruzi?

A

American trypanosomiasis / Chagas disease

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17
Q

Habitat for T. cruzi?

A

Reticuloendothelial cells

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18
Q

Intermidiate host for T. cruzi?

A

reduviid/ kissing/ triatomine

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19
Q

reservoir host T. cruzi?

A

man and other vertebrates

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20
Q

infective form to man T. cruzi?

A

Metacyclic trypomastigote

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21
Q

Infective form to triatomid bug?

A

Typical trypomastigote

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22
Q

Mode of infxn in T. cruzi?

A

skin penetration

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23
Q

Lab identification for T. cruzi?

A

Blood smears, tissue biopsy, serology, culture

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24
Q

specimen source for. T. cruzi?

A

blood and tissue

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25
Q

Macrophage in the liver

A

Kupffer cell

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26
Q

macrophage in brain

A

microglia

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27
Q

macrophage in lungs

A

alveolar

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28
Q

macrophage in bones

A

osteoclasts

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29
Q

T. cruzi:

Occupy/develop in a posterior position in the gut of the insect vector; the infective stages (metacyclic trypomastigotes are excreted in the feces of the insects onto the skin of humans

o Gain access through skin abrasions and mucous membranes

A

stercorarian trypanosome

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30
Q

causative agent of American Trypanosomiasis

A

T. cruzi

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31
Q

Mostly in poor, rural areas of Mexico, Central America, and South America

A

T. cruzi

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32
Q

Can also be transmitted through blood transfusions, organ transplantation, during pregnancy, transplacentally, and in laboratory accidents

A

T. cruzi

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33
Q

Diagnostic stage for T. cruzi?

A

Amastigote

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34
Q

amastigote multiply by _____.

A

binary fission

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35
Q

T. cruzi:

(unilateral palpebral and periocular
swelling) may appear as a result of conjunctival contamination with the vector’s feces

A

Romanas Sign

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36
Q

T. cruzi:

(a nodular lesion or furuncle) can appear at the site of inoculation

A

chagoma

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37
Q

the most serious manifestation in T. cruzi?

A

Cardiomyopathy

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38
Q

T. cruzi:

Pathologies of the digestive tract such as

A

megaesophagus & megacolon

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39
Q

Diagnosis of T. cruzi?

A

Microscopic examination
Isolation of agent
Antibody detection

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40
Q

T. cruzi (Microscopic examination):

Of fresh _________ blood, or its buffy coat, for motile parasites

A

anticoagulated

41
Q

T. cruzi (Microscopic examination):

Of thin and thick blood smears stained with
____, for visualization of parasites

A

Giemsa

42
Q

T. cruzi (Microscopic examination):

Only in the first ______ – can be seen by direct exam or thick blood smears (since they move into the tissues)

A

2 months

43
Q

Isolation of the agent (T. cruzi):

Inoculation in culture with specialized media like

A

NNN: Novy–MacNeal–Nicolle medium
LIT: liver infusion tryptose

44
Q

Isolation of the agent (T. cruzi):

where infected triatomine bugs are fed on the patient’s blood, and their gut contents are examined for parasites 4 weeks later

A

Xenodiagnosis

45
Q

Antibody Detection (T. cruzi)?

A 
Indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test 
Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
46
Q

▪ Slides are prepared from a suspension of
epimastigotes

▪ Cross-reactivity can occur with sera from
patients with leishmaniasis

A

Indirect Fluorescent Antibody test

47
Q

Who discovered Chagas disease/ Trypanosoma cruzi?

A

Carlos Chagas in Brazil (1909)

48
Q

Most common transmitting insects (T. cruzi):

A

o Panstrongylus megistus
o Triatoma infestans
o Rhodnius prolixus

49
Q

In stained specimen, ________ appear C, U, or Sshaped

A

Trypomastigotes

50
Q

T. gambiense causes

A

Gambian or West African sleeping sickness (West & Central)

Chronic form

51
Q

T. rhodesiense causes?

A

East African Sleeping Sickness (East & South Africa)

Acute form

51
Q

T. brucei complex geographical distribution?

A

Tsetse belt of Africa, 2/3 of African continent

52
Q

Pathogenesis of T. brucei?

A

African trypanosomiasis

53
Q

T. brucei

Habitat
Acute:
Chronic:

A

Acute: reticular tissues of lymph and spleen
Chronic: CNS

54
Q

T. brucei

Intermediate host?

A

tse tse fly

55
Q

T. brucei reservoir host?

A

Man and other vertebrates

56
Q

Infective form T. brucei to man?

A

Metacyclic trypomastigote

57
Q

infected form to tsetse fly T. brucei?

A

typical trypomastigote

58
Q

mode of infxn T. brucei?

A

bite of tsetse fly

59
Q

Lab. Identification T. brucei?

A

blood smears, serology, tissue biopsy, culture

60
Q

specimen source of T. brucei?

A

blood and tissue

61
Q

Both are salivarian trypanosomes

A

T. gambiense

62
Q

Vector tsetse fly of West African Sleeping Sickness (T. gambiense)?

A

Glossina palpalis

63
Q

Much more limited, with the species found in East and Southeast Africa

A

T. rhodesiense

64
Q

Vector tsetse fly fo T. rhodesiense?

A

Glossina morsitans

65
Q

darker staining area found in the

anterior portion

A

kinetoplast

66
Q

central part of trypomastigotes

A

nucleus

67
Q

T. brucei:

3 stages of infection

A
  1. Trypanosomal chancre
  2. Hemolymphatic stage
  3. Meningoencephalitic stage
68
Q

T. brucei:

can develop on the site of inoculation

A

trypanosomal chancre

69
Q

T. brucei:

with symptoms that include fever, lymphadenopathy, and pruritus

A

Hemolymphatic stage

70
Q

T. brucei:

invasion of the CNS can cause headaches, somnolence, abnormal behavior, and lead to loss of consciousness and coma

A

Meningoencephalitic stage

71
Q

The course of infection is much more acute with T.b. rhodesiense than T.b. gambiense

T or F

A

T

72
Q

frequently in T. brucei gambiense;

the posterior cervical lymph nodes are enlarged, nontender, and have the consistency of ripe plums

A

Winterbottom’s sign

73
Q

Evasion of immune response due to antigenic variation

A

T. brucei

74
Q

Only the ________ forms are exhibited by T. brucei complex

A

epimastigote and trypomastigote

75
Q

Diagnosis of T. brucei?

A 
Microscopic examination
Wet preparation
Concentration techniques
Isolation of agents
Antibody detection
Blood smears
76
Q

T. brucei:

Demonstrating trypanosomes by _______ of chancre fluid, lymph node aspirates, blood, bone marrow, or, in the later stages of infection, cerebrospinal fluid

A

microscopic examination

77
Q

T. brucei:

A _______ should be examined for the motile trypanosomes, and in addition, a smear should be fixed, stained with Giemsa (or Field), and examined

A

wet preparation

78
Q

T. brucei:

For blood samples, these include centrifugation followed by examination of the buffy coat; mini anion-exchange/centrifugation; and the Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC) technique

A

Concentration techniques

79
Q

T. brucei:

_______ has sensitivity and specificity that are too variable for clinical decisions

A

Antibody detection

80
Q

T. brucei:

Thick and thin blood films are made and stained with Fields stain and examined as for malaria parasites

A

Blood smears

81
Q

Treatment for T. brucei:

lymphatic stage

A

Pentamidine & Suramin

82
Q

Treatment for T. brucei:

for late stage with CNS involvement

A

Melarsoprol or Tryparsamide

83
Q

Treatment for T. brucei:

for early and late stages of Gambian
sleeping sickness

A

Eflornithine

84
Q

causes cutaneous leishmaniasis

A

L. tropica

85
Q

causes mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

A

L. braziliensis

86
Q

causes visceral leishmaniasis

A

L. donovani

87
Q

Pathogenesis of Leishmania:

A

Leishmaniasis

88
Q

Leishmania Habitat

L. tropica:
L. brasiliensis:
L. donovani:

A

Lymphoid tissue of skin
skin & mucous membrane
visceral organs

89
Q

Leishmaniasis is endemic in ?

A

Asia, America, Africa

90
Q

Leishmania spp:

trasnsmitted by ____

A

Phlebotomus species (sandfly)

91
Q

Are all debilitating and disfiguring diseases

which occur throughout the Old and New World

A

Leishmaniasis

92
Q

They have become perfectly adapted as the proteolytic enzymes which attack other foreign bodies in the blood stream but do not destroy them

A

Leishmaniasis

93
Q

vertebrate host

A

Amastigote

94
Q

invertebrate host

A

Promastigote

95
Q

2 Stages of Development for Leishmania

A

o Amastigote – vertebrate host

o Promastigote – invertebrate host

96
Q

Domesticated and wild animals

A

Natural reservoir host

97
Q

Leishmania spp:

o Spherical in shape

o Elongated forms are slender and torpedo like

A

Amastigote

98
Q

Leishmania spp:

Disease association

A 
o Kalaazar
o Visceral
o Dumdum fever
o Death fever
o Tropical splenomegaly

PARASITOLOGY (3 decks)

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