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PARASITOLOGY > (L3) FLAGELLATES 3 & 4 (BLOOD & TISSUE FLAGELLATES) > Flashcards

(L3) FLAGELLATES 3 & 4 (BLOOD & TISSUE FLAGELLATES) Flashcards

1
Q

BLOOD FLAGELLATES

A

Trypanosoma brucei complex (rhodesiense & gambiense)

Trypanosoma cruzi

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2
Q

TISSUE FLAGELLATES

A

Leishmania braziliensis
Leishmania donovani
Leishmania tropica

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3
Q

Blood and tissue flagellates have different stages of development:

A

trypomastigote, epimastigote,

promastigote, and amastigote

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4
Q

What stage is lacking in Trypanosoma rhodesiense and T. gambiense?

A

Amastigote and Promastigote

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5
Q

What is lacking in Leishmania braziliensis, tropica and donovani?

A

epimastigote and trypomastigote

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6
Q

Amastigote in T. cuzi?

A

Intracellular in macrophage in skin, liver, smooth muscle with affinity for cardiac muscle

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7
Q

Promastigote in T. cruzi

A

transitional stage only

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8
Q

Epimastigote of T. cruzi?

A

midgut of triatomid bug

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9
Q

Trypomastigote of T. cruzi?

A

in feces of triatomid bug, transfer to stages of man, present in bloodstream during acute attacks

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10
Q

Amastigote in L. donovani?

A

intracellular macrophage predominantly in liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

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11
Q

Amastigote in L. braziliensis?

A

Intracellular macrophage in skin can be transferred to mucocutaneous junction.

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12
Q

Promastigote for L. braziliensis, L. tropica & L. donovani?

A

In midgut, later in proboscis of sand fly, transfer stage to man

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13
Q

Amastigote for L. tropica?

A

intracellular in macrophage of skin and subcutaneous tissue

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14
Q

Occur in the blood of the majority of vertebrate animals

A

Trypanosomes

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15
Q

Trypanosomes:

Life cycle involves a intermediate host, which is usually ________

A

Insects

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16
Q

Pathogenisis for T. cruzi?

A

American trypanosomiasis / Chagas disease

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17
Q

Habitat for T. cruzi?

A

Reticuloendothelial cells

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18
Q

Intermidiate host for T. cruzi?

A

reduviid/ kissing/ triatomine

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19
Q

reservoir host T. cruzi?

A

man and other vertebrates

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20
Q

infective form to man T. cruzi?

A

Metacyclic trypomastigote

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21
Q

Infective form to triatomid bug?

A

Typical trypomastigote

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22
Q

Mode of infxn in T. cruzi?

A

skin penetration

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23
Q

Lab identification for T. cruzi?

A

Blood smears, tissue biopsy, serology, culture

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24
Q

specimen source for. T. cruzi?

A

blood and tissue

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25
Macrophage in the liver
Kupffer cell
26
macrophage in brain
microglia
27
macrophage in lungs
alveolar
28
macrophage in bones
osteoclasts
29
T. cruzi: Occupy/develop in a posterior position in the gut of the insect vector; the infective stages (metacyclic trypomastigotes are excreted in the feces of the insects onto the skin of humans o Gain access through skin abrasions and mucous membranes
stercorarian trypanosome
30
causative agent of American Trypanosomiasis
T. cruzi
31
Mostly in poor, rural areas of Mexico, Central America, and South America
T. cruzi
32
Can also be transmitted through blood transfusions, organ transplantation, during pregnancy, transplacentally, and in laboratory accidents
T. cruzi
33
Diagnostic stage for T. cruzi?
Amastigote
34
amastigote multiply by _____.
binary fission
35
T. cruzi: (unilateral palpebral and periocular swelling) may appear as a result of conjunctival contamination with the vector’s feces
Romanas Sign
36
T. cruzi: (a nodular lesion or furuncle) can appear at the site of inoculation
chagoma
37
the most serious manifestation in T. cruzi?
Cardiomyopathy
38
T. cruzi: Pathologies of the digestive tract such as
megaesophagus & megacolon
39
Diagnosis of T. cruzi?
Microscopic examination Isolation of agent Antibody detection
40
T. cruzi (Microscopic examination): Of fresh _________ blood, or its buffy coat, for motile parasites
anticoagulated
41
T. cruzi (Microscopic examination): Of thin and thick blood smears stained with ____, for visualization of parasites
Giemsa
42
T. cruzi (Microscopic examination): Only in the first ______ – can be seen by direct exam or thick blood smears (since they move into the tissues)
2 months
43
Isolation of the agent (T. cruzi): Inoculation in culture with specialized media like
NNN: Novy–MacNeal–Nicolle medium LIT: liver infusion tryptose
44
Isolation of the agent (T. cruzi): where infected triatomine bugs are fed on the patient’s blood, and their gut contents are examined for parasites 4 weeks later
Xenodiagnosis
45
Antibody Detection (T. cruzi)?
``` Indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) ```
46
▪ Slides are prepared from a suspension of epimastigotes ▪ Cross-reactivity can occur with sera from patients with leishmaniasis
Indirect Fluorescent Antibody test
47
Who discovered Chagas disease/ Trypanosoma cruzi?
Carlos Chagas in Brazil (1909)
48
Most common transmitting insects (T. cruzi):
o Panstrongylus megistus o Triatoma infestans o Rhodnius prolixus
49
In stained specimen, ________ appear C, U, or Sshaped
Trypomastigotes
50
T. gambiense causes
Gambian or West African sleeping sickness (West & Central) Chronic form
51
T. rhodesiense causes?
East African Sleeping Sickness (East & South Africa) Acute form
51
T. brucei complex geographical distribution?
Tsetse belt of Africa, 2/3 of African continent
52
Pathogenesis of T. brucei?
African trypanosomiasis
53
T. brucei Habitat Acute: Chronic:
Acute: reticular tissues of lymph and spleen Chronic: CNS
54
T. brucei Intermediate host?
tse tse fly
55
T. brucei reservoir host?
Man and other vertebrates
56
Infective form T. brucei to man?
Metacyclic trypomastigote
57
infected form to tsetse fly T. brucei?
typical trypomastigote
58
mode of infxn T. brucei?
bite of tsetse fly
59
Lab. Identification T. brucei?
blood smears, serology, tissue biopsy, culture
60
specimen source of T. brucei?
blood and tissue
61
Both are salivarian trypanosomes
T. gambiense
62
Vector tsetse fly of West African Sleeping Sickness (T. gambiense)?
Glossina palpalis
63
Much more limited, with the species found in East and Southeast Africa
T. rhodesiense
64
Vector tsetse fly fo T. rhodesiense?
Glossina morsitans
65
darker staining area found in the | anterior portion
kinetoplast
66
central part of trypomastigotes
nucleus
67
T. brucei: 3 stages of infection
1. Trypanosomal chancre 2. Hemolymphatic stage 3. Meningoencephalitic stage
68
T. brucei: can develop on the site of inoculation
trypanosomal chancre
69
T. brucei: with symptoms that include fever, lymphadenopathy, and pruritus
Hemolymphatic stage
70
T. brucei: invasion of the CNS can cause headaches, somnolence, abnormal behavior, and lead to loss of consciousness and coma
Meningoencephalitic stage
71
The course of infection is much more acute with T.b. rhodesiense than T.b. gambiense T or F
T
72
frequently in T. brucei gambiense; the posterior cervical lymph nodes are enlarged, nontender, and have the consistency of ripe plums
Winterbottom's sign
73
Evasion of immune response due to antigenic variation
T. brucei
74
Only the ________ forms are exhibited by T. brucei complex
epimastigote and trypomastigote
75
Diagnosis of T. brucei?
``` Microscopic examination Wet preparation Concentration techniques Isolation of agents Antibody detection Blood smears ```
76
T. brucei: Demonstrating trypanosomes by _______ of chancre fluid, lymph node aspirates, blood, bone marrow, or, in the later stages of infection, cerebrospinal fluid
microscopic examination
77
T. brucei: A _______ should be examined for the motile trypanosomes, and in addition, a smear should be fixed, stained with Giemsa (or Field), and examined
wet preparation
78
T. brucei: For blood samples, these include centrifugation followed by examination of the buffy coat; mini anion-exchange/centrifugation; and the Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC) technique
Concentration techniques
79
T. brucei: _______ has sensitivity and specificity that are too variable for clinical decisions
Antibody detection
80
T. brucei: Thick and thin blood films are made and stained with Fields stain and examined as for malaria parasites
Blood smears
81
Treatment for T. brucei: lymphatic stage
Pentamidine & Suramin
82
Treatment for T. brucei: for late stage with CNS involvement
Melarsoprol or Tryparsamide
83
Treatment for T. brucei: for early and late stages of Gambian sleeping sickness
Eflornithine
84
causes cutaneous leishmaniasis
L. tropica
85
causes mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
L. braziliensis
86
causes visceral leishmaniasis
L. donovani
87
Pathogenesis of Leishmania:
Leishmaniasis
88
Leishmania Habitat L. tropica: L. brasiliensis: L. donovani:
Lymphoid tissue of skin skin & mucous membrane visceral organs
89
Leishmaniasis is endemic in ?
Asia, America, Africa
90
Leishmania spp: trasnsmitted by ____
Phlebotomus species (sandfly)
91
Are all debilitating and disfiguring diseases | which occur throughout the Old and New World
Leishmaniasis
92
They have become perfectly adapted as the proteolytic enzymes which attack other foreign bodies in the blood stream but do not destroy them
Leishmaniasis
93
vertebrate host
Amastigote
94
invertebrate host
Promastigote
95
2 Stages of Development for Leishmania
o Amastigote – vertebrate host | o Promastigote – invertebrate host
96
Domesticated and wild animals
Natural reservoir host
97
Leishmania spp: o Spherical in shape o Elongated forms are slender and torpedo like
Amastigote
98
Leishmania spp: Disease association
``` o Kalaazar o Visceral o Dumdum fever o Death fever o Tropical splenomegaly ```

PARASITOLOGY (3 decks)

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