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Genetics > L3 Cell Cycle, Meiosis and Mitosis > Flashcards

L3 Cell Cycle, Meiosis and Mitosis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what cells are found in the cell cycle?

A

eukaryotic somatic cells that have the capacity to divide

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2
Q

what is the cell cycle?

A

the time from birth of a new cell until it is capable of cell division to form 2 new daughter cells

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3
Q

what are the 2 stages of the cell cycle?

A

interphase - period between cell division

mitosis - period of actual cell division

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4
Q

which phase is most variable?

A

interphase

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5
Q

in what stage does the cell spend most time?

A

interphase - variable from one cell type to the next

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6
Q

what happens to the cell during interphase?

A

the cell grows - ready for mitosis at the end of interphase

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7
Q

what happens to the cell during mitosis?

A

the cell actually divides to form 2 new daughter cells

time spent in mitosis is 2-4 hours and is usually constant

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8
Q

what are labile cells?

A

multiply throughout life
cells of skin, GIT, epithelial cells
they have short interphases

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9
Q

what are stable cells?

A

quiescent (G0 phase)
can divide if stimulated by growth factors
liver cells

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10
Q

what are permanent cells?

A

lost the capacity to divide
permanently in G0 phase
neurons, cardiac muscles cells etc.

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11
Q

what is the most significant checkpoint?

A

G1 checkpoint - checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors and DNA DAMAGE

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12
Q

what happens during G1 phase?

A

cell size increase
protein synthesis active
cell differentiation and performs functions
at the end, cell checks whether it is ready for division

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13
Q

what is the G0 phase?

A

(quiescent)
permanent and stable cells in here
stable cells can re-enter with GFs

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14
Q

what happens during S phase?

A 
DNA synthesis/DNA replication
enzymes of replication are active
chromosome number x2
chromatid number x2
1 chromosome = 2 sister chromatids
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15
Q

what happens during the G2 phase?

A

chromatid number x2
cell size increases (help form new daughter cells)
genome is scanned for mistakes
DNA repair mech. active

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16
Q

what proteins are important at the G1–>S checkpoint?

A

p53 and Rb (tumor suppressor genes)

17
Q

what are cyclins?

A

regulate the entry of cells into the various phases of the cell cycle

18
Q

what are the functions of p53?

A
  1. cell cycle arrest
  2. DNA repair
  3. apoptosis - if DNA is damaged badly
19
Q

what do growth factors do?

A

stimulate cell division

serve as signals that tell the cell to move though the cell cycle in order to divide

20
Q

cells have a ___ lifespan

A

finite - some point no longer able to divide

21
Q

what is cancer in terms of the cell cycle?

A

defect in the regulation of the cell cycle - rapidly dividing cells that are no longer controlled!

22
Q

in non-stressed cells, what is the concentration of p53?

A

low - visa versa

23
Q

what is a chromatid?

A

copy of a duplicated chromosome which is joined by a centromere

24
Q

what happens during mitosis?

A

sister chromatids are divided and cytoplasmic division forms 2 daughter cells

25
Q

the genetic composition of the daughter and parent cell are?

A

identical

26
Q

what is meiosis?

A

takes place only in gamete forming cells of ovary and testies - final stage of gametogenesis

27
Q

are the gametes formed haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

28
Q

each gamete is____

A

genetically unique

29
Q

what is homologous recombination?

A

homologous chromosomes undergo exchange of short fragments of their genetic material
responsible for genetic variation between gametes

30
Q

what are the 2 stages of meiosis?

A

Meiosis 1 - homologous chromosome separate (aka reduction division because you get 1/2 # of chromosomes at end)

meiosis II - sister chromatids of a chromosome separate
similar to mitosis - except begin with 23 chromosomes instead of 46

31
Q

what is the crucial role of meiosis?

A
  • formation of haploid gamete

- allows for genetic recombination and genetic diversity

32
Q

what is nondisjunction

A

when homologous chromosomes (meiosis I) or sister chromatids (meiosis II) do not separate

33
Q

how many sperm does male meiosis make?

A

4 per round

34
Q

how many eggs and polar bodies does female meiosis make?

A

1 egg, 3 polar bodies

35
Q

when do males gametes undergo mitotic division?

A

puberty

36
Q

when do female gametes undergo mitotic division?

A

birth - oocyte are arrested in prophase I of meiosis until ovulation)

37
Q

what are the defects if maternal or paternal age increase?

A

FEMALE high risk of non-disjunction in the meiotic divisions - higher risk of trisomy

MALE - greater risk of development of new dominate single gene mutations (errors during replication)

Genetics (15 decks)

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