Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NASM > [L3 Anatomy and Physiology] Section 2: The musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

[L3 Anatomy and Physiology] Section 2: The musculoskeletal system Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
NASM ® CPT flashcards
1
Q

Explain the cellular structure order of skeletal muscle, starting from the Epimysium.

A

Epimysium, Perimysium, Fasculi, Endomysium, Muscle Fibres, Myofibril, Myofilaments (actin/myosin).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the Epimysium?

A

The tough membrane that surrounds the whole muscle belly and holds the smaller fasciculi
units together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the Perimysium?

A

The membrane which surrounds the bundles of muscle fibres (the fasciculi).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the Endomysium?

A

The membrane that surrounds the individual muscle fibres, which contain the myofibrils.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a Tendon?

A

Tough, inelastic fibres which wrap around the end of the muscle and attach it to the outer layer
of the bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the Myofibril?

A

The smallest unit, or fibril, within the individual muscle fibers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the Myofilaments?

A

The contractile proteins myosin and actin arranged within compartments in the myofibril
called sarcomeres.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The power to drive the myosin head in the sliding filament theory is what molecule?

A

ATP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does the ATP molecule prime the myosin for activity?

A

By binding and transferring energy with the head.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Although the myosin head may have been primed with energy from the ATP, it will be unable to bind with the
actin without the presence of what element in the body and why?

A

Calcium - In a relaxed state, the myosin-binding sites on the actin are blocked by a combination of other molecules (troponin and tropomyosin) and Calcium causes the blocking molecule to move away from the myosin binding site (thus allowing the
‘primed’ myosin head to bind with the actin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some structural features of slow twitch/type 1 muscle fibres?

A
  • Smaller diameter fibre size
  • Large myoglobin content
  • Many mitochondria (cells where aerobic energy is produced)
  • Many capillaries to deliver blood and oxygen
  • Red in colour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some functional features of slow twitch/type 1 muscle fibres?

A
  • Increased oxygen delivery
  • Produce less force
  • Long-term contractions
  • Resistant to fatigue
  • Aerobic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some structural features of fast twitch/type 2 muscle fibres?

A
  • Larger diameter fibre size
  • Smaller myoglobin content
  • Fewer mitochondria
  • Fewer capillaries
  • White (pale) in colour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some functional features of fast twitch/type 2 muscle fibres?

A 
Decreased oxygen delivery
• Produce more force
• Short-term contractions
• Less resistant to fatigue
• Anaerobic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Explain the four main stages of the sliding filament theory.

A

COCKING PHASE:ATP is broken down, releasing energy to prime the myosin head into a ‘cocked’ position.

BINDING PHASE: Calcium ions are released from the SR and allow the myosin head to attach to the actin binding sites.

POWER STROKE: The myosin head rotates, pulling the actin towards the centre of the sarcomere to generate tension/muscle contraction.

RE-SETTING: ATP binds to the myosin head, releasing it from the actin binding site.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some effects aerobic/endurance exercise has on Type 1 and Type 2a/2b muscle fibres.

A 
Type I or type IIa fibre changes:
• Improved efficiency and work capacity.
• Increased number and size of mitochondria.
• Hypertrophy.
• Increased aerobic enzyme levels.
• Increased capillary density.

No change to type IIb fibres.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some effects anaerobic, heavy resistance exercise has on Type 1 and Type 2a/2b muscle fibres.

A 
Type IIa and IIb fibre changes:
• Increase in anaerobic enzyme levels.
• Increased phosphocreatine stores.
• Hypertrophy.
• Increased contractile protein density.

No change to type I fibres except hypertrophy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the frontal plane?

A

A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior

and posterior parts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the saggital plane?

A

A vertical plane that divides the body into left and

right parts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

A horizontal cross-section through the body which

separates the upper and lower body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is an axis, and at what angle is the axis of each plane associated with.

A

A theoretical point around which rotation occurs passes through each plane at right angles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which axis passes through the frontal plane?

A

The anterior-posterior axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which axis passes through the sagittal plane?

A

The medial-lateral axis

24
Q

Which axis passes through the transverse plane?

A

The longitudinal axis

25
Q

Whats plane and axis does a squat take place in?

A

Sagittal & Medial-lateral

26
Q

Whats plane and axis doe side-stepping place in?

A

Frontal & Anterior-posterior

27
Q

Whats plane and axis does throwing a ball take place in?

A

Transverse & Longitudinal

28
Q

Name the three types of joints

A

FIBROUS, CARTILAGINOUS & SYNOVIAL

29
Q

Name the 6 types of synovial joints and give an example of each

A
  • Gliding joints, e.g. the mid-carpal and mid-tarsal bones of the wrist and ankle.
  • Pivot joints, e.g. between the atlas and axis of the cervical vertebrae.
  • Saddle joints, e.g. the thumb.
  • Ball and socket joints, e.g. the hip and shoulder.
  • Ellipsoid joints, e.g. the knuckles between the phalangeal bones of the fingers and toes.
  • Hinge joints, e.g. the knee and elbow.
30
Q

Plane of movement and axis for: Shoulder - Flexion/Extension

A

Sagittal & Medial-Lateral axis

31
Q

Plane of movement and axis for: Shoulder - Ab/Aduction

A

Frontal & Anterior-Posterior axis

32
Q

Plane of movement and axis for: Shoulder - Internal/External Rortation

A

Transverse & Longtuidinal

33
Q

Plane of movement and axis for: Elbow - Flexion/Extension

A

Sagittal & Medial-Lateral axis

34
Q

Plane of movement and axis for: Spinal - Flexion/Extension

A

Sagittal & Medial-Lateral axis

35
Q

Plane of movement and axis for: Spinal - Lateral Flexion

A

Frontal & Anterior-Posterior axis

36
Q

Plane of movement and axis for: Spinal - Rotation

A

Transverse & Longtuidinal

37
Q

What do the rotator cuffs do, and where do they orginate and insert?

A

Stabilize and control movement at the shoulder joint.
They originate from the scapula and inserts on the
upper aspect of the humerus.

38
Q

Name the four rotator cuff muscles

A

Teres minor, supraspinatus, infraspinatus & subscapularis

39
Q

Where does the Teres minor run, and what joint movement does it help with?

A

This runs laterally from the scapula to the humerus and helps with adduction and external rotation.

40
Q

Where does the supraspinatus run, and what joint movement does it help with?

A

This runs superiorly from the scapula to the top of the humerus and helps with shoulder abduction.

41
Q

Where does the infraspinatus run, and what joint movement does it help with?

A

This runs laterally from the scapula (slightly higher than the teres minor) to the humerus. It helps with horizontal extension, external rotation and adduction.

42
Q

Where does the subscapularisrun, and what joint movement does it help with?

A

This runs from the underside of the scapula to the front of the humerus and helps with internal rotation and adduction.

43
Q

Whyat is the Shoulder Girdle comprised of?

A

Scapulae and Clavicles

44
Q

The upper back of the shoulder girdle is occupied by what muscles?

A

The trapezius, rhomboids Major and minor

and levator scapulae muscles

45
Q

The pectoralis minor and serratus anterior are part of the anterior musculature of the shoulder girdle.

Where do they originate and insert?

A

They originate from the costal bones and run to the anterior surfaces of the scapulae area.

46
Q

The vertebral column is comprised of a series of what shape of vertebral bones, linked by what type of joints and separated by intervertebral what?.

A

The vertebral column is comprised of a series of irregular vertebral bones, which are predominantly linked by cartilaginous, slightly movable joints. These are separated by intervertebral discs.

47
Q

Movement of the spine is achieved via which three major muscles of the trunk?

A

The rectus abdominis, obliques (internal/external) and erector spinae.

48
Q

The musculature of the posterior section of the vertebral column tends to be more complex than elsewhere - Why?

A

Because of its need for multiple origins and insertions.

49
Q

What are the two important muscles of the posterior musculature?

A

The multifidus and quadratus lumborum

50
Q

What’s the differences between the shoulder and hips in terms of mobility and stability.

A

The hip joint sacrifices mobility for stability, whereas the shoulder joint sacrifices stability for mobility. The shoulder is, therefore, more prone to dislocation.

51
Q

At the hip, what muscles are invloved with flexion?

A

The iIiacus or psoas and the rectus femoris

52
Q

At the hip, what muscles are invloved with extension?

A

The gluteus maximus and hamstrings

53
Q

At the hip, what muscles are invloved with adduction?

A

The adductor longus, brevis or magnus; the pectineus and gracilis

54
Q

At the hip, what muscles are invloved with abduction?

A

The piriformis and tensor facia latae; the gluteus minimus or medius

55
Q

What are the four quad muscles?

A

Rectus fermoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedialis

56
Q

What are the three hamstring muscles?

A

Biceps femoris, Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus

NASM (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions