[L2 Anatomy and Physiology For Exercise]

Question 1

What is Cartilage? And name the three types found in the body.

Answer 1

Cartilage is a dense, durable, tough fibrous connective tissue that is able to withstand compression forces.

Hyaline, Fibro and elastic.

Question 2

What is Hyaline Cartilage?

Answer 2

Hyaline is found at the end of the long bones that
meet to form the synovial joints.

It is the cartilage tissue that forms the temporary skeleton of the foetus, which is eventually replaced by bone when calcium is deposited.

Question 3

What is Elastic Cartilage?

Answer 3

Elastic cartilage has the ability to regain and return to its original shape.

It is found in the ear, the walls of the Eustachian tube and the epiglottis, which are all places
that require a specific shape to be maintained.

Question 4

What is Fibrocartilage?

Answer 4

Fibrocartilage is thick and strong and has limited distribution within the body. It forms various
shapes according to its role. It acts like a shock absorber in cartilaginous joints.

Question 5

What are the functions of the skeleton?

Answer 5

Shape, Protection, Movement, Attachment, Storage & Production

Question 6

What are the 6 functions of the skeleton?

Answer 6

Shape, Protection, Movement, Attachement, Storage, Production.

Question 7

What is the Axial Skeleton?

Answer 7

The axial skeleton is the bones that form the main frame or axis i.e. the spine, ribs and skull

Question 8

Number of bones in the Skull?

Answer 8

8

Question 9

Number of bones in Cervical, Thoracic, Lunar, Sacral Coccygeal Spine?

Answer 9

7, 12, 5, 5, 4

Question 10

Number of bones in the Ribs? (Pairs)

Answer 10

12

Question 11

Number of bones in the Sternum?

Answer 11

1

Question 12

Describe long bones, and give examples

Answer 12

• Have a greater length than width.
• Consist of a main shaft (diaphysis) with normally two extremities (epiphysis).
• Principally act as levers.
• Contain mostly compact bone in their diaphysis.
• Contain more cancellous bone in their epiphysis.

Examples: Humerus, femur, fibula, tibia, ulna, radius, metacarpals, metatarsals and phalanges.

Question 13

Describe short bones, and give examples

Answer 13

• Normally about as long as they are wide (cube-shaped).
• Usually highly cancellous, which gives them strength with reduced weight.

Examples: Carpals and Tarsals

Question 14

Describe flat bones, and give examples

Answer 14

• Thin layer of cancellous bone sandwiched between two plate-like layers of compact bone (visualise an Oreo cookie).
• Provide protection and large areas for muscle
attachment.

Examples: Scapula, cranial bones, costals (ribs), sternum and ilium.

Question 15

Describe sesamoid bones, and give examples

Answer 15

• Improves leverage and protect the joint from damage.
• Found where there is considerable friction or tension in tendons.

Example: Patella

Question 16

Describe irregular bones, and give examples

Answer 16

• Form very complex shapes and cannot be classified within the previous groups.

Example: Vertebrae and calcaneus (heel bone).