L3 Flashcards
should be carefully designed and carefully controlled
Experiments
the dimension that is intentionally manipulated (the antecedent)
Independent Variable
difference in both subject variables and manipulated IV
Confounding
The behavior we expect to change. Assumed dependent on the value of the IV
Dependent Variable
can not be directly observed; are manifested differently.
Hypothetical Constructs
Many concepts have more than one meaning
Operational Definitions
How word is used in everyday language
Conceptual Definition
Precise meaning of a variable within an experiment
Operational Definition
specifies how a researcher manipulates or measures a variable in an experiment. It ensures that abstract concepts (like intelligence or stress) are defined in a way that allows them to be tested scientifically
Experimental operational definition
Description of what was done to measure the variable. Exact descriptions of the specific behaviors or responses, and how those responses are scored
Measured Operational Definition
Consistency and depedability
Reliability
two observers take measurements and agree
Interrater reliability
taking the test again after a reasonable interval
Test-Retest reliability
different parts of the questionnaire attain consistent results
Interitem Reliability
Actually studying the variable intended to be studied
Validity
Providing evidence for the validity of an experimental procedure
Manipulation Check
fair sample of the quality we intend to measure
Content Validity
procedures yield information that enables us to predict future behavior
Predictive Validity
Scores on the measuring device correlate with scores obtained from another method
Concurrent Validity
It answers “Does the test or procedure actually measures the construct studied?”
Construct Validity
refers to the extent to which a test or measurement appears to measure what it is supposed to measure, based on a superficial or subjective judgment. It does not involve statistical analysis but rather relies on whether the test looks appropriate to experts or participants.
Face validity
Other things (besides the IV) that may be changing throughout the experiment that can potentially alter the values of the DV
Extraneous Variables
Should be controlled
Extraneous Variables
Value of an extraneous variable changes systematically across differ conditions of the experiment.
Confounding
Experimental results cannot be interpreted with certainty
Confounding
Outside events that occurred before the experiment
History
Any internal changes in the subjects: fatigue, boredom, development
Maturation
Individuals frequently perform (in a test) differently the second time; practice effect
Testing
features of the measuring instrument changes; errors in recording, apparatus breakdown, different provided space for response
Instrumentation
Extreme score tend to move closer to the mean when the test is given again
Statistical Regression
without random assignment, two group may have different preexisting characteristics
Selection
more subjects dropout in one experimental condition than the other; the ones left might be unique
Subject Morality
selection can interact with history, maturation, or mortality
Selection Interaction
