Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BGM2002 > L3 > Flashcards

L3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main mechanisms in cellular responses?

A

regulation of cytoplasmic activities & changes in gene expn.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why do we have different cell responses?

A

differences in protein composition of different cell types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

signals affect cell function at multiple levels in ____ and ______

A

time and space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do cell signals affect gene expression

A

TF activation & impact on protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do cell signals affect protein activity

A

post trns. modification and release from inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do cell signals affect cytoskeletal arranagement

A

Receptor interacts with cytoskeletal proteins which = changes in cell shape and movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the final effector and what can it lead to

A

TF (transcription) lead to change in protein expression/synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Are cellular responses linear?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the three different types of way s signalling pathways can co-operate with each other

A

convergence, divergence, cross-talk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do shared transducer molecules enable?

A

interactions between pathways, coordinated and fine-tuned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What occurs during divergence?

A

Different effectors are activated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does divergence lead to?

A

Diverse cellular responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two forms of divergence?

A

1 pathways can branch = 2 diff cell responses ORsame ligand results in diff reactions in diff cell types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give an example of the same ligand binding to diff receptors & triggering diff responses

A

Actylcholine and its effects in skeletal vs heart muscles. In nicotinic receptors present in skeletal muscles, there is an increase in muscle contraction whereas in heart muscles, muscarinic receptors are present, inhibiting muscle contraction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What occurs during convergence?

A

2 pathways trigger the same response OR 2 pathways required to activate one cell response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Give an example of convergence seen in cells

A

Signals converging on Ras = transmitted along MAP kinase cascade.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the three receptors that transmit signal re: MAP?

A

GPCR, receptor kinase, integrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is an integrin

A

transmembrane receptor that anchor cells to extra-cellular matrix; mediates cellular signals such as regulation of the cell cycle, organisation of the intracellular cytoskeleton

19
Q

What occurs during cross talk?

A

Signals are passed back and forth between different pathways

20
Q

Give an example of cross–talk?

A

MAP kinase and cAMP

MAP = prolif. _ P = CREBP txn factor ACTIVATED
cAMP = blocks signals from Ras -> Raf = inhibiting signals from MAP kinase AND activate CREB txn factor by phosphorylation ?

21
Q

Why do we try to understand the interactions between pathways?

A

attempt to pharmacologically inhibit a pathway may be affected by these interactions thus affecting the impact of a therapeutic drug

22
Q

Are signalling pathways linear?

A

No

23
Q

What are signalling networks?

A

diff signalling pathways interacting through highly connected shared molecules

24
Q

signals propagate along …

A

molecular interaction paths

25
Q

Signalling proteins within networks act as modules that integrate & distribute regulatory information to

A

respond to multiple signal inputs
regulate multiple effector outputs (cell responses)

26
Q

What is the data processing network of the cell based on?

A

chemical interactions and cross talks

27
Q

What is systems biology?

A

understanding overall architecture of the signalling network, need to identify interactions between connected proteins

28
Q

What are things used in systems biology

A

experimental data & computational stimulation and mathematical models

29
Q

What are the different areas of biology studied when looking at signalling networks?

A

Genomics, Transcriptomics, Proteomics, Metabolomics

30
Q

What are the advantages of using systems biology?

A

Signalling networks help biologists understand interactions between proteins
Explain why some drugs can affect multiple pathways- could be used to design new drugs

31
Q

What are the possible issues with systems biology?

A

complexity and flexibility of such networks prevents a more in-depth analysis of their physiological functions

32
Q

What are the factors impacting the signalling pathways of diseases?

A

Genetics factors, environmental and lifestyle factors

33
Q

What is carcinogenesis

A

multi-steps process; accumulation of genetic mutations leads to acquisition of tumour phenotype

34
Q

How many mutations normally for cancer?

A

6-7 mutations

35
Q

What are the cancer prevention mechanisms?

A

Antioxidant mechanisms, tumour suppressor genes, repair mechanisms and immunoserveillance

36
Q

What are cancer hallmarks?

A
  • grow and divide in absence of signal
  • evade growth suppressors
  • resist apoptotic signals

and can potentially induce angiogenesis as well as invasion and metastasis at later stages to allow the cancer to spread too other parts of the body

37
Q

What is underlying the hallmarks of cancer?

A

genetic instability and inflammation

38
Q

What is the approach used in the therapeutic targeting of the hallmarks of cancer

A

drugs that target signalling pathways

39
Q

What are the types of signal transduction in cancer cells?

A

Mutations in genes coding for
signal transducing protein (e.g. Ras, small G protein)
Tumour suppressor (TP53) and oncogenes (cMYC)
Growth factor receptors
inhibitors of proliferation

Growth factors:
switch from paracrine to autocrine signalling

Alteration in pathways controlling
cell division, apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, immune function, DNA repair…

40
Q

What occurs in T1 diabetes?

A

cells fail to produce signal - autoimmune targeting of pancreatic Beta cells

41
Q

What occurs in T2 diabetes?

A

cells fail to respond to signals

42
Q

What does diabetes lead to?

A

High blood glucose levels

43
Q
A

BGM2002 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions