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BGM2002 > CS - L1 > Flashcards

CS - L1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is cell signalling needed?

A

To ensure survival?

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2
Q

What is cell signalling?

A

A complex system of communication

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3
Q

What does cell signalling govern?

A

basic cellular activities and coordinates cell actions

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4
Q

Cell signalling affects a cell’s ability to…?

A

Regulate cellular processes & respond to its environment

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5
Q

What is regulation of cell processes and cell signal responses important for?

A

Development, tissue repair, cell growth/division, immunity, movement and diseases

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6
Q

What does cell survival depend on?

A

Receiving and processing information from the environment

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7
Q

A cell is exposed to multiple different extracellular signal molecules - does it respond to them all?

A

No

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8
Q

Why is cell signalling important at an organism level?

A

development -> specialised cells -> coordinated response

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9
Q

What are potential results of defects/dysregulation in signalling pathways?

A

Diseases - cancer, diabetes, etc.

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10
Q

What occurs in the absence of signals

A

apoptosis

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11
Q

Why is constant signalling required?

A

cell survival

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12
Q

What is Wnt signalling involved in?

A

embryonic development (heart, bone, etc)

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13
Q

What occurs if Wnt is disrupted/dysregulated

A

cancer (colorectal cancer)

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14
Q

What determines the type of signalling a cell uses?

A

distance between the cells

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15
Q

What are the 5 basic types of signalling used?

A

Gap junction, APC , neurotransmitter, auto/paracrine, hormone

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16
Q

What are gap junctions

A

cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells - connects cytoplasm

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17
Q

What does the gap junction do?

A

maintains homeostasis in connected cells for ion balance & allows passage of signal molecules

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18
Q

What does gap junction provide?

A

metabolic cooperation between adjacent cell

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19
Q

What are the receptors required for CD4?

A

MHC2

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20
Q

What is common between autocrine and paracrine signalling

A

ligands produced by cells that travel through extracellular fluid

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21
Q

What cell is the cell signalling to in autocrine?

A

Itself

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22
Q

Give examples of an autocrine signalling

A

IL-1 secreted by monocytes as a response to external stimuli

Secretion of growth/survival factors by tumour cells

IL-2 in T cells

23
Q

What cell is the cell signalling to in paracrine?

A

Neighbouring cells

24
Q

Give examples of paracrine signaling

A

Wnt and hedgehog & inflammatory mediators

25
Q

What is tumour cell migration controlled by?

A

Paracrine loop

26
Q

What occurs during the paracrine loop?

A

Tumour Associated Mq make EGF (epidermal growth factor) -> EGF binds to EGFR on invasive breast tumour cell -> Invasive tumour cell makes CSF1 (colony stimulating F1) binds to CSF1R on TAM

27
Q

What do neurotransmitters trigger in cells/target tissues?

A

Responses

28
Q

Where does the nuerotransmitter go after use?

A

Remains in the synapse

29
Q

What happens to the neurotransmitter after its been used?

A

Broken down

30
Q

What determines the specificity of neurone signalling?

A

synaptic contact between neurone and target cell

31
Q

What is the advantage in neurone signalling compared to direct contact

A

control the amount of signal travels by inhibition

32
Q

What are the 4 ways cells communicate if they’re close to e/o and give examples

A

contact-dependent (APC & CD4)

autocrine signalling (IL2 and CD4)

paracrine signalling (TAM and invasive breast tumour cell)

Synaptic signalling (neurone & target cell) SOMETIMES, can be distant

33
Q

How do cells communicate long distance

A

endocrine (hormones)
spec. - receptors

synaptic signalling
spec. - synaptic contacts

34
Q

most signals are ____

A

chemicals

35
Q

signals act at very ____ conc. -> signal _____

A

LOW, amplification

36
Q

How are signals recognised?

A

by receptors with high affinity

37
Q

A cell must respond _____ to a mixture of signals, disregarding some and reacting
to others, according to the cell’s specialised function

A

selectively

38
Q

What does the cell need in order to respond to a signal?

A

A receptor

39
Q

How does the cell restrict the range of signals that can affect it?

A

By producing a limited set of receptors

40
Q

What are the 3 steps of cell signalling and what factors are involved?

A
  1. reception - > receptors
  2. transduction -> signal transducers
  3. cell response -> effector proteins
41
Q

What is the function of transducers?

A

relay, integrate and distribute signals

42
Q

SIgnalling pathways regulate _____ cellular functions

A

nearly all

43
Q

What are the characteristics of cell signalling?

A

specificity
integration and coordination
amplification
feedback

44
Q

How is specificity maintained in cell signalling?

A

receptors.

45
Q

specific receptors are ____ in distinct cell types

A

expressed

46
Q

What should happen if 2 or more signals have opposite effects on a metabolic pathway?

A

Outcome result should reflect the integration of these signals

47
Q

Why should the outcome of multiple signals reflect the integration of these signals?

A

coordinated response

48
Q

What can signalling interfere with?

A

core physiological processes

49
Q

What’s the role of a feedback loop?

A

desensitisation/adaptation

50
Q

What can the feedback loop do?

A

Modify the signal and the output to regulate the process

51
Q

What happens during deactivation?

A

degradation.recycling of molecules

52
Q

What happens during activation?

A

Adjust sensitivity. under prolonged exposure to reduce cell response’s to that level of stimulus

53
Q

What are the 5 basic types of signalling

A

APC, GAP junction, NT auto/paracrine, endocrine

54
Q
A

BGM2002 (6 decks)

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