Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

env > L3 > Flashcards

L3 Flashcards

1
Q

NATURAL PROTECTION MECHANISM:

A

*Naso-pharyngeal

*Tracheo-bronchial

*Pulmonary-Alveolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Nose hairs (filter particles)
Cough, Sneeze

A

*Naso-pharyngeal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mucociliary escalator
Bronchial constriction

A

Tracheo-bronchial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Macrophages (phagocytosis)
No cilia in Alveoli

A

Pulmonary-Alveolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

is the solid or liquid particles suspended in the air

A

Particulate matter (PM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

all types of combustion (motor vehicles, power
plants, wood and coal burning, etc.) and
some industrial processes.

A

Sources of fine particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

include crushing or grinding operations, and dust
from paved or unpaved roads.

A

Sources of coarse particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the 13th leading cause of mortality in the world

A

particulate matter (PM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Particles > 10 m mostly deposited in

A

Naso-pharyngeal region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

PM2.5 (<2.5 m, fine particles) produces
serious health effects in

A

alveolar/gas exchange region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

people that have increased risk of premature death or admission to hospitals or emergency
rooms when exposed to PM ?

A

people with existing heart or lung diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

(THE SILENT KILLER) colorless, odorless and
tasteless gas

A

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

tend to be higher in areas with high traffic density and during times of high traffic volume.

A

CARBON MONOXIDE concentrations (CO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

may also be high in congested urban areas with slow - moving traffic

A

Carbon monoxide levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

It can be emitted as a result of burning the wood and
wildfire

A

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

it binds to hemoglobin and form carboxy hemoglobin (COHb) which reduces the transport of oxygen to tissues

A

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

are sensitive to low oxygen conditions and are especially vulnerable to the effects of COHb on oxygen transport and delivery to tissues.

A

The brain and heart

اعضاء حساسة لاي غازات غير الاكسجين ويحصل ضرر لما يقل مستوى الاكسجين في الدم

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Thus persons with cardiovascular and
respiratory disease are particularly susceptible
to CO

ليش

A

لانهم حساسين لاي غاز غير الاكسجين

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

is a colorless gas and a photochemical oxidant
formed through complex chemical
reactions involving the VOCs and
NOx in the presence of sunlight.

A

Ground level ozone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

تكون طبقة الاوزون ؟

A

complex chemical reactions involving the VOCs and
NOx in the presence of sunlight.

VOCs: مركبات عضوية متطايرة
(Volatile organic compound)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ozone Reactions

A

1-Nitrogen Oxides

2-hydrocarbon free radical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

 Coughing and throat irritation
 An uncomfortable sensation in the chest
 Reduction in lung function
 Ozone can aggravate asthma
 Ozone can increase susceptibility to respiratory infections

A

Health effects of OZONE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

make up a category of highly reactive gases containing nitrogen and oxygen

A

Nitrogen oxides , NOx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Formation by combustion of fossil fuels

A

NITROGEN OXIDES NOx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

fossil fuels ايش يعني

A

المواد الأحفورية كالفحم الحجري، الفحم، الغاز الطبيعي، ومستخلصات النفط.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The sources of NOx include:

A

 Car and truck engines
 Industries
 Kerosene heating (Indoor)
 Tobacco smoke (Indoor)
 NATURAL SOURCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

NATURAL SOURCE of NITROGEN OXIDES NOx

A

when NOx enter the troposphere from the stratosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Prolonged exposure to NOx causes:

A

-pulmonary fibrosis
-emphysema
-higher lower respiratory tract illness in
children

29
Q

Exposure to 10-30 ppm of NO2 causes:

A

-Nose and eye irritation, bronchitis
-Lung tissue damage, aggravate heart disease

30
Q

a colorless, reactive gas, is produced during the burning of sulfur- containing fuels such as coal and oil, during metal smelting, and by other industrial
processes.

A

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

31
Q

Major sources of Sulfur dioxide (SO2) include:

A

power plants and industrial boilers, diesel trucks.

32
Q

Short-term intermittent exposures (SO2):

A

-Broncho-constriction (temporary breathing difficulty)
-Ear/Nose/Throat irritation
-Mucus secretion

33
Q

Long-term exposures (SO2):

A

-Respiratory illness
-Aggravates existing heart disease

34
Q

burning fuels that contain lead, metal processing, waste incinerators, lead smelters, lead paint

A

LEAD (Pb)

35
Q

can be harmful even at low doses because
it accumulates in the body, mostly in the bones,
which continue to function as an internal
source of exposures

A

Lead

36
Q

Exposure to ………….. can cause damage to the
nervous system and kidneys

A

lead

37
Q

Generic term for several chemicals that are highly persistent in the environment

A

DIOXINS

38
Q

DIOXINS:

A

-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs)
-chlorinated dibenzofurans (CDFs)
-certain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

39
Q

CAUSES of DIOXINS

A

burning hydrocarbons in presence of chlorine or
chlorides

40
Q

SOURCES of DIOXINS

A

waste incinerators

41
Q

HEALTH EFFECTS: (DIOXINS)

A

-Carcinogenic : tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin, (TCDD)
-Reproductive and developmental effects
-Chloracne

42
Q

 Carbon monoxide
 Environmental Tobacco Smoke or Secondhand Smoke
 Volatile Organic Compounds
 Radon
 Toxic Materials (Asbestos, Lead)

A

INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS

43
Q

is the combination of two forms of smoke from burning tobacco products:
-Sidestream smoke
-Mainstream smoke

A

Environmental Tobacco Smoke or Secondhand Smoke

44
Q

smoke that is emitted between the puffs of a burning
cigarette, pipe, or cigar

A

Sidestream smoke

45
Q

the smoke that is exhaled by the smoker

A

Mainstream smoke

46
Q

It includes Alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones

A

Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCs)

47
Q

-Solvents, fabric softeners, deodorizers
-Paints, glues, resins, waxes and polishing materials
-Cosmetics: perfumes

A

Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCs)

48
Q

VOCs Health Effects
Trichlorethylene

A

childhood leukemia

49
Q

VOCs Health Effects
Toluene

A

developmental problems

50
Q

VOCs Health Effects
Xylenes

A

birth defects

51
Q

VOCs Health Effects
Styrene

A

endocrine disruptor

52
Q

VOCs Health Effects
Methylene

A

cancer in animals

53
Q

VOCs Health Effects
Benzene

A

human carcinogen

54
Q

 Use of solid fuels indoors
 Mosquito coils
 Household cleaners and deodorizers
 Glues and resins
 Tobacco smoke
 Carpeting
 Pressed wood products
 Urea formaldehyde foam insulation(UFFI)

A

Sources of FORMALDEHYDE

55
Q

Health Effect of Formaldehyde

A

Irritation of eyes, nose and throat
Breathing difficulties
Skin rash
Asthma and other allergic reactions
May be a sensitizer
May cause cancer

56
Q

Radioactive gas released from soil and rocks

A

RADON

57
Q

Second leading cause of lung cancer (in adults)

A

RADON

58
Q

-Geology of the area can predict levels in soil and water
-Concentrations indoors depend on construction
site and building materials
-Highest levels occur in basements and on the
ground floor

A

RADON

59
Q

is a fibrous mineral product

A

Asbestos

60
Q

Used for insulation and as fire-retardant:
asbestos cement, floor and roof tiles, water
pipes and others

A

Asbestos

61
Q
  • produces no acute toxicity.
  • Workers exposed in industry may develop asbestosis.
  • Long exposure leads to lung cancer and malignant tumor
A

Health effects of asbestos

62
Q

داخل المنازل

Lead Sources:

Health Effects:

A

Lead Sources: Deteriorated lead-based paint

Health Effects:
-Kidney damage
-damages the brain and can kill brain cells

63
Q

AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL :

A

1-Atmospheric dilution
2-Substitution or limitation
3-Process or equipment change
4-Air-cleaning technologies

64
Q

(AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL)

discharge the releases through a very high stack

A

1-Atmospheric dilution

65
Q

(AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL)

approach involves either eliminating a pollutant by substituting materials or methods that do not
produce it

A

2-Substitution or limitation

66
Q

(AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL)

electric motors instead of gasoline engines

A

3-Process or equipment change

67
Q

(AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL)

Common examples are the applications of filters, electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers, adsorbers, or some combination of these to remove pollutants from airborne exhaust systems.

A

4-Air-cleaning technologies

68
Q

(AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL)

-using substitutes for lead to improve the octane rating of gasoline and
-limiting the permissible sulfur content in coal and oil burned in electric power plants

A

2-Substitution or limitation

69
Q

()ˆ-_-ˆ()

A

الله يوفقك

env (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions