L2CardioPhysDisease2024

Question 1

risk factors of heart disease

Answer 1

• Smoking
• Hypertension
• High levels of LDL

Question 2

What is the leading cause of death in men and women in the US

Answer 2

Heart disease

Question 3

LDL and what does it do

Answer 3

-low density lipoprotein
-LDL adds cholesterol to plaque

Question 4

HDL and what does it do

Answer 4

-high density lipoprotein
-HDL removes cholesterol from plaque

Question 5

total cholesterol

Answer 5

LDL + HDL + Triglycerides

Question 6

heart attack

Answer 6

myocardial infarction; necrotic tissue formation due to ischemia

Question 7

ischemia

Answer 7

lack of blood and nutrient flow

Question 8

Hemorrhagic

Answer 8

broken vessel

Question 9

Hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 9

weekend/diseased blood vessels rupture
blood leaks into brain tissue

Question 10

ischemic stroke

Answer 10

blood clots stop the flow of blood to an area of the brain

Question 11

stenosis

Answer 11

valve is stiff and unable to open fully

Question 12

Regurgitant

Answer 12

valve allows backflow of blood from one chamber to the next

Question 13

congestive heart failure

Answer 13

Inability of the heart to adequately pump blood throughout the body

Question 14

Left side heart failure

Answer 14

– Backup of fluid into pulmonary circuit
– Rales or crackles in the lung
– Pink, frothy sputum

Question 15

Right side heart failure

Answer 15

– Backup of fluid into
systemic circuit
– Edema, especially in the
lower extremities

Question 16

KeM the CaT

Answer 16

Potassium (K+ in Kem) directly affects the Em

Calcium (Ca++) directly affects the threshold

Question 17

Hyperkalemia

Answer 17

will raise Em and make it less negative, allowing for cells to be MORE excitable. Em becomes closer to Et.

Question 18

Hypokalemia

Answer 18

lowers Em, making cells less excitable, Em being farther from Et

Question 19

hypocalcemia

Answer 19

decreases threshold, making cells more excitable

Question 20

hypercalcemia

Answer 20

increases threshold, making cells less excitable

Question 21

atrial fibrillation

Answer 21

rapid, random, ineffective contractions of the atrium

Question 22

A lack of magnesium inhibits…

Answer 22

reuptake of potassium, causing a decrease in intracellular potassium and tachycardia

Question 23

Arrhythmias

Answer 23

abnormal heart rhythms

Question 24

Atherosclerosis

Answer 24

hardening of the arteries

Question 25

dvt

Answer 25

-deep vein thrombosis
-condition where a blood clot forms in a deep vein, usually in the leg, pelvis, or arm. The clot can block blood flow and cause enlarged veins in the affected area

Question 26

pfo

Answer 26

A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a small hole between the right and left atria, the upper chambers of the heart.

Question 27

why do babies have pfo?

Answer 27

This hole is normal in all babies before birth, as it allows blood to bypass the lungs and receive oxygen from the mother’s placenta.

Question 28

what is the risk of having a pfo?

Answer 28

it can allow blood clots or air bubbles to travel to the brain and cause a stroke