L26: Biotech: Gain of Function Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Gain of function technology

A

A form of genetic manipulation on microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is a spike protein?

A

A protein on the surface of certain viruses (covid, sars-cov-2). It’s called spike because it has spikes and binds to receptors on human cells which allows it to enter and infect them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is adenovirus?

A

Viruses without an envelope.
Can deliver genetic information into cells.
Used as vectors (used as a vehicle to carry DNA section into a host cell).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the mechanism of action for a spike protein on SARS-CoV-2?

A

S1 recognises and binds to host receptors, and subsequent conformational changes in S2 facilitate fusion between the viral envelope and the host cell membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A spike protein is….

A

A protein on the surface of certain viruses (covid, sars-cov-2). It’s called spike because it has spikes and binds to receptors on human cells which allows it to enter and infect them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a genetically modified virus?

A

A virus that has been altered or generated using biotech methods and remains capable of infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is recombination?

A

Breaking and rejoining DNA to create new combinations of genetic information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define: wild type

A

Naturally occurring, most common form of a virus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the advantages of using a wild type virus?

A

Used as a control.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe: Influenza

A

A respiratory illness
highly infectious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the mechanism of influenze?

A

Infects the epithelial cells
causes lung inflammation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why does influenza kill so many people?

A

Flu can progress to pneumonia and COPD or congestive heard failure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define: Reverse transcriptase

A

The conversation of viral RNA to DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the mechanism of reserve transcriptase?

A

Starts with viral RNA
RT binds to Viral RNA
Synthesises a complimentary DNA
Adds nucleotides to growing DNA strand
Results in a single stranded DNA molecule.
DNA molecule used to synthesise a complementary DNA strand,
Resulting dsDNA becomes permanent part of calls genetic material.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A form of genetic manipulation on microorganisms

A

Gain of function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define: Genetically Modified virus

A

A virus that has been changed intentionally or by using genetic engineering techniques so it can do what we want

16
Q

What is alpha 2-6 (human)

A

Linking of sugar molecules from Carbon 2 and the Carbon 6 of glycoproteins and glycolipids

17
Q

what is alpha 2-3 (Avian)

18
Q

What is HPAI H5N1

A

Its avian influenza virus that can sometimes infect humans - causes Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

19
Q

Define: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrom (ARDS)

A

Sever lung infection caused by inflammation and fluid build up in air sacs.

20
Q

Why are ferrets used to study influenza?

A

They have the same sialic acid residues to humans.
The sialic acid distribution in their lungs and nasal passages are smilar.
Similar airborne transmission.

21
Q

Define: Mutations

A

Change or atleration in genetic material

22
Q

What is a mutation?

A

Change in the DN sequence of an organism

23
Q

What is sequencing?

A

Determining the exact order of nucleotides or bases in a DNA molecule.

24
Define: point mutations
Genetic mutations where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted, or deleted from a DNA or RNA sequence in an organisms genome - ie sickle cell disease.
25
Teach a friend about point mutations.
Genetic mutations where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted, or deleted from a DNA or RNA sequence in an organisms genome - ie sickle cell disease.
26
What is a membrane protein?
A protein associated or attached to the membrane of a cell or an organelle inside a cell. Ie spike protein
27
Define: Transposon
Class of genetic elements that can "jump" to different locations with a genome. Hence "jumping genes"
28
What is a viral envelop?
The outermost later of many types of viruses.
29
A form of genetic manipulation on microorganisms
Gain of function
30
A protein on the surface of certain viruses (covid, sars-cov-2). It's called _____ because it has spikes and binds to receptors on human cells which allows it to enter and infect them.
Spike Protein
31
A group of DNA viruses first found in adenoid tissue, most of which cause respiratory diseases.
Adenovirus
32
Naturally occurring, most common form of a virus.
WIld Type
33
Breaking and rejoining DNA to create new combinations of genetic information.
DNA recombination
34
The conversation of viral RNA to DNA.
Reverse transcriptase
35
Name the process: Starts with viral RNA RT binds to Viral RNA Synthesises a complimentary DNA Adds nucleotides to growing DNA strand Results in a single stranded DNA molecule. DNA molecule used to synthesise a complementary DNA strand, Resulting dsDNA becomes permanent part of calls genetic material.
Reverse transcriptase.
36
Sever lung infection caused by inflammation and fluid build up in air sacs.
ARDS - Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
37
Genetic mutations where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted, or deleted from a DNA or RNA sequence in an organisms genome - ie sickle cell disease.
Point mutation