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Physio II: Exam 3 > L24-25: Reproductive Systems > Flashcards

L24-25: Reproductive Systems Flashcards

1
Q

male primordial germ cells

A

migrate into future testes and become spermatogonia

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2
Q

spermatogonia

A

begin mitotic division at puberty and become primary spermatocytes

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3
Q

primary spermatocytes

A

complete the first half of meiosis and become 2ndary spermatocytes

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4
Q

secondary spermatocytes

A

complete the 2nd half of meiosis and become spermatids

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5
Q

spermatids

A

undergo differentiation to become mature sperm

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6
Q

sertoli cells

A

located in seminiferous tubules

act as nurse/Sustentacular cells by surrounding primary spermatocytes and nursing them thru spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis

form estrogens from testosterone
—which is thought to be important for spermiogenesis

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7
Q

spermiogenesis vs spermatogenesis

A

differentiation of spermatids into mature sperm
vs
generation of sperm

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8
Q

sertoli cells – layers

A 
mature spermatids
immature spermatids
secondary spermatocyte
primary spermatocyte
sertoli cell nucleus
spermatogonial cell
BM
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9
Q

list order of cell division during spermatogenesis

A 
primordial germ cell
spermatogonia
1 spermatocyte
2ndary spermatocyte 
spermatids (tail-less)
mature sperm (tail)
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10
Q

list the structures of mature sperm from head to tail

A 
acrosome
surface memb
vacuole
ant head cap
post head cap
neck
body w/ mito
chief tail piece
end piece of tail
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11
Q

acrosome

A

contains hyaluronidase and proteolytic enzymes

caps nucleus

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12
Q

where is sperm stored?

A

in the epididymis until ejaculation

must remain in epididymis for 18 to 24 hours in order to gain motility – passing thru epi takes several days

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13
Q

cells of leydig

A

found in interstitial spaces in testes

secrete testosterone

stimed by luteinizing hr secreted by ant pit

(FSH is also necessary for spermatogenesis)

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14
Q

seminal vesicles – properties

A 
paired structures behind prostate
secrete mucoid materials:
--fructose
--citric acid 
--additional nutrients
--prostaglandins
--fibrinogen
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15
Q

male accessory glands

A

seminal vesicles

prostate gland

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16
Q

seminal vesicles – during emission and ejaculation

A

contents of vesicles are emptied into ejaculatory ducts containing sperm

60% of vol = semen

fructose gives nrg for sperm

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17
Q

prostaglandins in seminal vesicles – function

A

make cervical mucous more receptive to sperm mvt
and
may cause retro-peristaltic contractions of uterus and fallopian tubes

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18
Q

prostate gland – during emission and ejaculation

A

30% of vol = semen

milky fluid containing:

  • -Ca
  • -citrate ions
  • -phosphate ions
  • -clotting enzyme
  • -profibrinolysin

slightly alkaline – to help neutralize the acidity of other seminal fluid and vagina

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19
Q

define androgens

A

any steroid hormone that has masculinizing effects

  • -testosterone
  • -dihydrotestosterone
  • -androstenedione

synthesized in testes and adrenal glands from:
cholesterol
acetyl-CoA

20
Q

testosterone – formed by interstitial cells of leydig

A

cells numerous in newborn and adult males
–nonexistent during childhood

post secretion:
circulate in blood 30m - hours
transfer into tissues or degraded

21
Q

testosterone that enters tissues

A

mostly converted to dihydrotestosterone

especially in prostate and fetal external genitalia

22
Q

testosterone that is not fixed in tissues

A

converted in liver to:
androsterone and dehydroepiandrosterone

conjugated as either glucuronides or sulfates

excreted into gut via bile or urine (via kidneys)

23
Q

functions of testosterone

A
  1. masculine characteristics
  2. descent of testes
  3. genitalia enlargement
  4. 2ndary sex characteristics
  5. male pattern baldness
  6. hypertrophy of larynx
  7. skin thickness
  8. increased sweating
  9. increased protein formation and muscle growth
  10. increased BMR, hematocrit, Na absorption, bone matrix
24
Q

gonadotropin releasing hormone – male

A

= LH releasing hr

produced by neurons located in arcuate nuclei of hypothalamus
–transported to ant pit

stims ant pit to product LH mostly and FSH

25
Q

luteinizing hormone – males

A

glycoprotein
activates cAMP in tissues

causes sertoli cells to secrete testosterone

which has a neg feedback on hypothalamus

26
Q

inhibin – male

A

secreted by sertoli cells

inhibits secretion of FSH from ant pit
–also inhibits secretion of GnRH to a lesser extent

27
Q

define oogenesis

A

a meiotic process that begins during embryonic development and ends w/ the formation of a single haploid oocyte/egg and 3 polar bodies

28
Q

primordial germ cells – female

A

develop from germinal epi of indifferent gonad early in embryo

migrate to future ovary site

become oogonia

29
Q

oogonia

A

surrounded by single layer of granulosa cells

oogonia + granulosa = primordial follicle

ovum at this point = primary oocyte

30
Q

describe the primary oocyte characteristics

A

meiosis arrested at diplotene of prophase I

most primary oocytes become atretic b4 birth

at puberty one oocyte completes meiosis = 2ndary oocyte + polar body

31
Q

secondary oocytes

A

arrested at 2nd metaphase stage of oogenesis

meiosis does not finish until fertilization

32
Q

phases of the menstrual cycle

A

ovarian phase

  1. follicular growth 5-14
  2. ovulation 14
  3. corpus luteum growth 14-23
  4. corpus luteum regresses 24-28

uterine phase

  1. menstruation 1-5
  2. proliferation 4-14
  3. secretion 14-28

one menstrual cycle = 28 days

33
Q

first stage of follicular growth in menstrual cycle

A

moderate enlargement of the ovum itself 2-3x

growth of granulosa cell layers becoming 2ndary follicles

[FSH] and [LH] increase
fsh is greater and happens first

34
Q

as FSH and LH levels rise in the beginning of the menstrual cycle ?

A

growth of multiple follicles w/ multiple layers of granulosa cells

spindle shaped cell surround follicles to form interna and externa theca cell layers

early growth of ovum/follicle is stim most by FSH

35
Q

theca cells

A

theca interna
–ability to secrete estrogen and progesterone

theca externa
–protective capsule of developing follicle

36
Q

granulosa cells

A

secrete a follicular fluid containing a high conc of estrogen

this causes an antrum to appear

37
Q

anterior pituitary sex hormones – females

A

FSH and LH
no secretion as child
combine w/ highly specific receptors on ovarian cells

38
Q

ovarian hormones

A

estrogen/progesterone

39
Q

primordial follicles are surrounded by single layers of ______ cells and throughout childhood these cells ?

A

granulosa cells

provide nourishment for ovum
–secrete oocyte maturation inhibiting factor that keeps ovum suspended in primordial state

40
Q

changes in uterus during proliferation stage

A

estrogen phase
occurs b4 ovulation
endometrium desquamated
only deep cells left

the estrogen causes stromal and epi cells to rapidly prolif

the endometrium surface is restored w/in 4-7 dats after menstruation begins

41
Q

changes in uterus during secretory stage

A

progesterone phase
corpus luteum secretes proges/estro in large conc

proges causes swelling and secretory development of the endometrium

results in high secretory endometrium w/ large amounts of stored nutrients to nourish ovum

42
Q

changes in uterus during menstruation stage

A

no fertilization
corpus luteum involutes
ceases secretion

lack of proges/estro results in menstruation and involution of endometrium

24 hrs b4 menstruation, BVs become vasopastic causing necrosis of endometrium

43
Q

effect of estrogen on vagina and fallopian tubes

A

growth, thickening of walls, increased acidity

growth of thick wall for contractions to transport egg and sperm

44
Q

estrogen effects on uterus

A

enhance/maintain mucous memb

increases size of endometrium, enhanced blood flow, protein count and enzyme activity

stim development of uterine muscles

45
Q

effect of estrogen on mammary glands

A

growth of breasts during adolescence

pigmentation of nipples

stopping the flow of milk when an infant stops breast feeding

46
Q

estrogen – secondary sex characteristics

A

smaller bone size and structure, broad pelvis

increases fat storage around hips/thighs

fine body hair
small voice box
suppress activity of glands in skin

Physio II: Exam 3 (8 decks)

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