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Anatomy II: Exam 3 > L22-23: Brain Evolution & General Structure > Flashcards

L22-23: Brain Evolution & General Structure Flashcards

1
Q

list major components of diencephalon

A

epithalamus
thalamus
hypothalamus

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2
Q

components of epithalamus

A

pineal body
parapineal body
choroid plexus
habenulae

calcification accrues w/ maturity

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3
Q

habenular nuclei

A

emotional and visceral responses to odor

projects to septal nuclei in thalamus via stria medullaris thalami

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4
Q

pineal body

A

involved in emotional and visceral responses to odors

projects to septal nuclei

secretes melatonin

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5
Q

thalamus landmarks

A

separated from hypothalamus by hypothalamic sulcus

commissures:

  • -habenular - above pineal recess
  • -posterior - below pineal recess
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6
Q

functions of thalamus

A
  1. relays all sensory info except smell to cerebral cortex
  2. provides crude awareness
  3. initial ANS response to intense pain
  4. roles in arousal, alerting, complex reflex mvts
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7
Q

sensory relay nuclei in thalamus

A

medial geniculate body

  • -auditory
  • -projects to primary auditory cortex in temporal lobe

lateral geniculate body

  • -visual
  • -projects to primary visual cortex in occipital cortex
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8
Q

ventral posterior nuclei in thalamus

A

general sensations and taste

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9
Q

thalamus – motor relay nuclei

A

ventral lateral
–voluntary motor

ventral anterior
–voluntary motor, arousal

subthalamic

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10
Q

thalamus reticular nuclei

A

modify neuronal activity in the thalamus

may be involved in regulating sleep-wake cycle and level of awareness

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11
Q

thalamus – anterior nuclei

A

concerned w/ emotions and memory

receives input from:
hippocampus, mamillary bodies

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12
Q

thalamus - white matter

A

internal capsule
stratum zonale
external medullary lamina
internal medullary lamina

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13
Q

functions of hypothalamus

A
  1. controls/integrates ANS
  2. raise/lower bp and HR
  3. produce ACH, oxytocin
  4. rage, aggression
  5. norm body temp
  6. reg food intake
  7. sexual center
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14
Q

list nuclei of hypothalamus

A 
mammillary bodies
supraoptic nuclei
suprachiasmatic nuclei
ant nuclei
paraventricular med division
paraventricular interm magnocellular division
paraventricular lat div
medial preoptic area
tuberal level
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15
Q

mammillary bodies

A

involved in olfactory reflexes and emotional response to odors

relay stations for olfactory neurons to inf colliculi

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16
Q

supraoptic nuclei

A

send projections that release neurohormones into capillaries in post pit

  • -oxytocin
  • -vasopressin
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17
Q

suprachiasmatic nuclei

A

above optic chiasma

master biologic clock

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18
Q

anterior nuclei of hypothalamus

A

caudal continuation of medial preoptic area

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19
Q

paraventricular medial division

A

secretes releasing or inhibiting hormone into portal system

  • -corticotropin releasing factor
  • -thyroxine releasing factor
  • -somatostatin
  • -dopamine
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20
Q

paraventricular intermediate magnocellular division

A

sends projections to the post pit that releases oxytocin and vasopressin

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21
Q

paraventricular lateral division

A

receives input from:
brainstem nuclei
hypothalamic nuclei
limbic system

projects to sympathetic structures

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22
Q

medial preoptic area

A

larger in males
cells that release gonadotropin releasing factors to portal sys

involved in temp reg

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23
Q

tuberal level

A

might be involved in feeding and pleasure

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24
Q

components of telencephalon

A

cerebrum
olfactory tract/bulbs
striatum
lamina terminalis

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25
Q

define cerebrum

A

paired right and left hemispheres, each with a ventricle

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26
Q

define striatum

A

refers to collection of basal nuclei that develop in the floor of the telencephalon

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27
Q

lamina terminalis

A

original cephalic boundary of the neural tube

separates the 2 lat ventricles

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28
Q

primitive roof of the telencephalon

A

= pallium

lacks a cortex

serves as primitive sensory and association area

receives info from olfactory apparatus

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29
Q

what is a cortex?

A

consists of multiple layers of gray matter
built from the bottom up
sits on top pallium

sulci and gyri increase surface area

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30
Q

neocortex divisions

A 
frontal
parietal
temporal
insula
occipital
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31
Q

occipital lobe

A

integrates eye focusing mvts

correlates visual images w/ visual memory

involved in conscious perception of vision

separated from parietal lobe by parietooccipital sulcus

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32
Q

parietal lobe

A

Somatesthetic interpretation
–postcentral gyrus

understanding speech

  • -auditory assoc cortex
  • -wernicke’s area

formulating words to express thoughts and emotions

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33
Q

frontal lobe

A 
voluntary motor control
--precentral gyrus
motivation, aggression, mood, personality, cognitive processes
verbal communication
--broca's area
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34
Q

temporal lobe

A

receives/interprets olfactory and auditory senses

responsible for storage of memory related to auditory/visual experiences

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35
Q

insula

A

not seen from surface
memory
psychic cortex
–highest levels of brain function = abstract thought, judgement

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36
Q

internal capsule and corpus callosum

A
  1. connects cortex w/ brainstem

2. connects neocortex of 2 hemispheres

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37
Q

putamen

A

large subconscious mvts of skeletal muscles

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38
Q

globus pallidus

A

regulates muscle tone

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39
Q

globus pallidus + putamen = ?

A

lentiform nucleus

40
Q

substantia nigra – 2 divisions and characteristics

A
  1. dorsal pars compacta
    - –melanin containing neurons
    - – dopaminergic neurons
  2. ventral pars reticularis
    - –iron containing glial cells
    - –serotonin and GABA
41
Q

tracts in cerebral hemisphere

A
  1. association
    - -confined to a given hemi
    - -connect regions of the same hemi
  2. commissural
    - -interconnect the 2 hemi
  3. projection tracts
    - -form internal capsule
    - -make up ascend/descending tracts
    - -connect hemi to other parts of brain and spinal cord
42
Q

list association tracts

A
  1. arcuate tracts
  2. cingulum
  3. sup longitudinal fasciculus
  4. sup occipitofrontal fas
  5. inf occipitofrontal fas
  6. uncinate fasciculus
43
Q

arcuate tracts

A

interconnect adjacent gyri

44
Q

cingulum

A

connects frontal, parietal, temporal cortical areas on the medial side of each hemis

45
Q

superior longitudinal fasciculus

A

interconnects areas w/in the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal lobes

46
Q

superior occipitofrontal fasciculus

A

located in medial part of hemi under lat extension of corpus callosum

interconnects the frontal lobe w/ post parts of hemi

47
Q

inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus

A

runs btwn occipital and frontal lobes

in lat part of each hemi under insula

48
Q

uncinate fasciculus

A

makes sharp bend about lat fissure

interconnects orbital surface of frontal lobe w/ rostral part of temporal lobe

49
Q

list commissural tracts

A

corpus callosum
ant/post commissure
hippocampal comm

50
Q

corpus callosum

A

interconnects neocortical areas in all lobes

unifies awareness and attention

permits sharing of learning and memory

51
Q

anterior and posterior commissures

A

ant – interconnects areas w/in the 2 temporal lobes

post – connects cerebral hemi’s w/ sup colliculi

52
Q

hippocampal commissure

A

interconnects 2 hippocampal formations

53
Q

list projection tracts

A
  1. corticopetal

2. corticofugal

54
Q

corticopetal tract and corticofugal tract

A

from thalamus to cerebral cortex

cerebral cortex to basal muclei and thalamus

55
Q

thalamic radiation

A

corticothalamic fibers project cerebral cortex to thalamus

thalamocortical fibers project from thalamus to cerebral cortex

56
Q

corticopontine projections

A

fibers project to pontine nuclei in pons

pontine nuclei projects to cerebellum

57
Q

corticobulbar projections

A

motor cortex to cranial nerve nuclei in brainstem

58
Q

corticospinal projections

A

motor cortex to cell groups throughout spinal cord

59
Q

corticoreticular projections

A

motor and somatosensory cortex to brainstem reticular formations

60
Q

fornix

A

major projection system btwn hippocampus in temporal lobe and diencephalon

61
Q

optic radiation

A

= geniculocalcarine tract

lat geniculate body toward calcarine fissure in occipital lobe

62
Q

components of limbic system

A 
amygdala
hippocampus
cingulate gyrus
parahippocampus gyrus
hypothalamus
mamillary bodies
ant nucleus of thalamus
63
Q

limbic system – functions

A

emotional and motivational aspects of behavior

provides emotional component to learning especially amygdala

associated w/ memory – hippocampus

pain, pleasure, rage

64
Q

amygdala

A

large nuclear group in temporal lobe

receives info from olfactory tract, limbic cortex, neocortex

65
Q

amygdala regions

A
  1. large basolateral region
    direct input to basal ganglia and motor sys
  2. small corticomedial group of nuclei
    related to olfactory cortex
  3. medial and central nuclei
    connected to hypothalamus
66
Q

functions of amygdala

A

relate environmental stimuli to coordinated behavioral autonomic and endocrine responses

feeding and drinking
fighting behavior
mating and maternal care
response to physical and emotional stress

67
Q

damage to hippocampus

A

memory loss

cells undergo Ca-induced changes associated w/ memory

68
Q

kluver-bucy syndrome

A

results from bilateral destruction of amygdala

increased sexual activity
compulsive tendency to place things in mouth
decreased emotions
changes in eating
visual agnosia
69
Q

future of the prosen-, mesen-, rhomben-cephalon

A

prosen
future forebrain

mesen
future midbrain

rhomben
future hindbrain

70
Q

major derivative of the myelencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

71
Q

gray matter in the myelencephalon vs spinal cord

A

organized into nuclei interspersed among white fiber tracts

is continuous
located centrally
surrounded by myelinated/white fiber tracts

72
Q

brainstem composition

A

mix of long fiber pathways
well organized nuclei
network of cells forming reticular formation

components:
medulla, pons, midbrain

73
Q

descending tracts in medulla

A 
corticospinal
spinal tract V
med longitudinal fasiculus
tectospinal
rubrospinal
74
Q

ascending tracts in medulla

A 
med lemniscus
spinothalamic tract
Spinoreticular tract
spinocerebellar tract
cuneocerebellar tract
75
Q

inferior olivary nuclei

A

receive input from most motor areas of brain and spinal cord

functions:
balance, coordination, sound impulse modulation

76
Q

axons project to the contralateral cerebellar hemisphere via ?

A

the olivocerebellar tract

these axons signal the cerebellum when a mvt deviates from the planned mvt

77
Q

medulla - vital reflex centers

A

cardiac center
medullary rhythmicity center
vasomotor center
centers for coordination of head mvt and swallowing

78
Q

medulla – roof

A

sup medullary velum
inf medullary velum
post choroid plexus

79
Q

Wallenberg’s syndrome affects ?

A 
spinothalamic tract
spinal-trigeminal tract and nucleus
CN IX and X
reticular formation
vestibular nuclei
80
Q

Wallenberg’s syndrome results in ?

A

loss of pain and temp on contralateral side

difficulty swallowing
weak voice
loss of gag reflex

81
Q

fiber tracts of the pons

A

transverse
—connects pons to cerebellum

longitudinal

  • –sensory and motor
  • –connects spinal cord to upper brainstem
  • –goes thru pons w/o synapsing
82
Q

what are the 2 longitudinal tracts that synapse in the pons?

A
  1. corticopontine tracts
    synapse on pontine nuclei
  2. corticobulbar tracts
    synapse w/ neurons in motor nucleus and facial nucleus
83
Q

pons – characteristics

A

CN 5,6,7,8

pontine nucleus
—relay info from cerebrum to cerebellum

sleep and respiratory centers

84
Q

lesion to lateral half of pons

A

affects: trigeminal n, med lemniscus, pontocerebellar fibers

trigeminal n
loss of sensation to face
paralysis of mastication muscles

medial lemniscus
loss of joint sense on opposite side

pontocerebellar fibers
hypotonia, intention tremors, tendency to fall

85
Q

bilateral lesions to ventral pons

A

caused by occlusion to basilar artery

interrupts corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts

results in quadriplegic, unable to speak but conscious

86
Q

damage to midpons

A

extensive bilateral lesions involving pons and midbrain reticular formation

coma — state of sustained unconsciousness

87
Q

midbrain nuclei

A

CN nuclei 3 and 4

red nucleus/nucleus ruber
—involved in unconscious regulation/coordination of motor function

88
Q

midbrain – tectum

A

superior and inferior colliculi

89
Q

superior colliculi

A

visual reflexes
projects to CN nuclei and superior cervical portion of spinal cord

also involved in visual tracking of moving objects

90
Q

inferior colliculi

A

auditory and olfactory reflexes

91
Q

midbrain — tegmentum

A 
tracts
red nucleus
cerebral peduncles
interpeduncular fossa
substantia nigra
oculomotor complex
CN 4 nucleus
92
Q

substantia nigra

A

interconnected w/ basal ganglia

involved in coordinating mvt and muscle tone

93
Q

oculomotor complex

A

nucleus of CN 3
Edinger-westphal nucleus
—parasym control of pupillary sphincter and ciliary muscle

94
Q

midbrain — periaqueductal gray

A

gray matter surrounding cerebral aquaduct

functions:

  • -pain suppression
  • -rxns to pain, threats, emotions
  • -activity results in flight or fight
95
Q

midbrain – decerbrate rigidity

A

transection of the midbrain at the midcollicular level
—causes decerebration/disconnection of cerebral control

vestibular sys drives rigidity

patient is comatose
UE extension
forearm pronation
flexed wrists
LE extension
plantar flexion
96
Q

metencephalon – cerebellum

A

controlled by motor cortex in hemispheres

connected to brainstem by 3 pairs of large fiber tracts called peduncles

  1. superior to midbrain
  2. middle to cerebellum
  3. inferior to medulla
97
Q

functions of reticular formation

A

important for wakefulness

damage may result in permanent coma

receives input from cerebral cortex

modulate sensation of pain
postural reflexes
control breathing and HR
brain arousal

Anatomy II: Exam 3 (6 decks)

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