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MBBS II ERS > L20 – Development of the Male and Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

L20 – Development of the Male and Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Tract the structures from Testis to Penis?

A

Testis > Epididymis > Ductus Vas Deferens > Ejaculatory duct > accessory sec glands > urethra > penis

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2
Q

List the accessory sex glands in male and function?

A

Prostate, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral gland

Production of secretions (semen)

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3
Q

Function of epididymis?

A

Reservoir for sperm (sperm maturation)

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4
Q

List the structures from ovary to labia majora?

A

Ovary > uterine tube > uterus > vagina + greater and lesser vestibular glands > Labia majora and minora + clitoris

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5
Q

Summarize the differentiation of germ layers in the Indifferent stage of gonad development?

A

Endoderm:
Primordial germ cells migrate from yolk sac

Mesoderm:
Gonadal ridge (part of urogenital ridge) forms from intermediate mesdoerm, contains:
a) Mesenchymal tissue
b) epithelial tissue: gonadal cords and mesodermal epithelium

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6
Q

Summarize the testis** structures formed from bipotential/ indifferent stage of gonad development?

A

Primordial germ cells (endoderm)&raquo_space; spermatogonia

Gonadal ridge (mesoderm)&raquo_space;Seminiferous cords and interstitial cells

Mesodermal epithelium&raquo_space; Mesothelium

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7
Q

Summarize the ovary** structures formed from bipotential/ indifferent stage of gonad development?

A

Primordial germ cells&raquo_space; oogonia

Gonadal ridge&raquo_space; Primordial follicles and intersitital cells

Mesodermal epithelium&raquo_space; mesothelium

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8
Q

Summarize the mature structures in testis formed from differentiated gonads?

A

Spermatogonia&raquo_space; spermatozoa

Seminiferous cords and intersitital cells&raquo_space; Tunea albuginea, Interlobular septa, Mediastinum testis, Sertoli and Leydig cells

Mesothelium&raquo_space; visceral layer of tunica vaginalis

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9
Q

Summarize the mature structures in ovaries formed from differentiated gonads?

A

Oogonia&raquo_space; ovum

Primordial follicles&raquo_space; granulosa and theca cells

Interstitial cells&raquo_space; tunica albuginea and other interstitial cells

Mesothelium&raquo_space; germinal epithelium

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10
Q

Describe the formation of upper and lower genital ducts during indifferent stage?

A

Upper:
Nephrogenic cord from intermediate mesoderm (part of genital ridge)&raquo_space; Mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts

Lower:
Cloaca from endoderm&raquo_space; urogenital sinus

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11
Q

Describe the differentiation of male genital ducts from indifferent stage?

A

Mesonephric ducts transform

Paramesonephric ducts degenerate

Urogenital sinus&raquo_space; distal urethra

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12
Q

Describe the differentiation of female genital ducts from indifferent stage?

A

Paramesonephric ducts transform

Mesonephric ducts degenerate

Urogenital sinus&raquo_space; Uterovaginal primordium

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13
Q

Describe the structures derived from the differentiated stage of genital duct development in male?

A 
Mesonephric duct derive into:
• efferent ductules 
• duct of the epididymis 
• vas deferens 
• ejaculatory duct 
• Seminal glands

Distal urethra derive into :
• Penile urethra
• Prostate
• Bulbourethral glands

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14
Q

Describe the structures derived from the differentiated stage of genital duct development in female?

A

Paramesonephric duct derives:

  • Uterine tubes
  • Uterus
  • Upper Vagina

Uterovaginal primordium derives:

  • Greater vestibular glands
  • Lower Vagina with hymen
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15
Q

Summarize the formation of external genitalia in male?

A

Genital tubercule&raquo_space; Primordial phallus (long)&raquo_space; Glans penis and shaft of penis

Urogenital folds fuse on ventral penis&raquo_space; penile urethra

Labioscrotal swellings fuse&raquo_space; scrotum

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16
Q

Summarize the formation of external genitalia in female?

A

Genital tubercule&raquo_space; Primordial phallus (short)&raquo_space; Clitoris

Urogenital folds don’t fuse&raquo_space; Vestibule and labia minora

Labioscrotal swelling&raquo_space; labial folds&raquo_space; Labia majora

17
Q

Describe the changes to the gonadal ridge and migration of primordial germ cells?

A

Gondal ridge= bulge medial to mesonephros at post. abdominal wall:
Epithelial lining invaginate into mesenchyme, forms gonadal cords

Primordial germ cells: Migrate from exit of allantois&raquo_space; gut tube&raquo_space; dorsal mesentery of hindgut&raquo_space; gonadal ridge&raquo_space; infiltrate gonadal cords

18
Q

List the primordial cells in the indifferent gonad?

A

Mesothelium, gonadal cords, mesenchyme = mesoderm origin

Primordial germ cells = endoderm origin

19
Q

Describe the formation of testis from indifferent gonad? (5)

A

1) Gonadal cords infiltrated with primordial germ cells&raquo_space; elongate/ enlarge into seminiferous cords

2) Distal gonadal cord (no germ cell) forms straight tubules
» Rete testis: connect seminiferous cords with efferent ductules/mesonephric tubules&raquo_space; connect with Mesonephric duct (Wolffian duct)

3) Mesenchymal cells&raquo_space; Myoepithelial cells, Leydig, interstitial cells
4) Epithelial cells of gonadal cord = Sertoli cells
5) Mesothelium&raquo_space; tunica vaginalis, Tunica albuginea, Septa

20
Q

Describe the formation of ovary from indifferent gonad? (5)

A

1) Gonadal cords infiltrated with primordial germ cells form follicles: oogonium + follicular cells (from gonadal cord epithelium)
2) Distal gonadal cords degenrate into Rete ovarii, no connection with mesonephros
3) Epithelium of gonadal ridge&raquo_space; tunica albuginea, germinal epithelium

21
Q

Compare the differentiation of mesonephric duct and paramesonephric duct in male and female?

A

Male:

  • Testosterone from leydig cells transforms mesonephric duct
  • Anti-Mullerian hormone from Sertoli cells degenerates Paramesonephric ducts

Female:

  • No testosterone = Mesonephric duct degeneration
  • No anti-Mullerian hormone = paramesonephric duct transform
22
Q

What structure separates cloaca into 2 canals?

A

Urorectal septum splits cloaca into

  • Urogenital sinus (anterior)
  • Rectum (posterior)
23
Q

List the structures transformed from mesonephric duct in male?

A 
Testosterone: 
convert mesonephric duct into
-epididymis, 
-Ductus (vas) Deferens 
-seminal vesicle
24
Q

List the structures transformed from paramesonephric duct in female?

A

Lack of Anti-Mullerian hormone:
Paramesonephric duct form:

  • Fallopian tube
  • Uterus and Upper vagina (fused paramesonephric duct)
25
Q

List the sex organ structures derived from urogenital sinus in male?

A

Prostate gland (development controlled by dihydrotestosterone (DHT))

Bulbourethral glands

Penile urethra

26
Q

List the sex organ structures derived from urogenital sinus in female?

A

 Urethral and paraurethral glands

 Greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin)

Lower vagina + hymen

27
Q

Describe the development of uterus and vagina?

A

1) Paramesonephric ducts fuse + Uterine septum degenerate&raquo_space; uterine tube
2) Sinus tubercule (from urogenital sinus) enlarge into sinovaginal bulbs&raquo_space; fuse with uterine tube
3) Sinovaginal bulbs lumen degenerate&raquo_space; become patent with space&raquo_space; forms middle and lower vagina + hymen

28
Q

List 3 developmental anomalies of uterus?

A
  • Double uterus: failure of paramesonephric ducts to fuse
  • Uterus divided into 2: failure of uterine septum to degenerate
  • Dysmorphic/ absent half of uterus: failure on one paramesonephric duct to differentiate
29
Q

Embryonic origin of phallus?

A

Genital tubercle:

Produced by proliferating mesenchyme at the cranial end of cloacal membrane

30
Q

Describe the formation of precursors of external genitalia?

A

Superior to cloacal membrane = genital tubercule

Lateral to cloacal membrane = 2 urogenital folds

More lateral: 2 Labioscrotal swellings

31
Q

Which week of development sees distinguishing sexual characteristics?

A

9th week

External genitalia are not fully differentiated until the 12th week.

32
Q

Describe the formation of external male genitalia?

A

1) Genital tubercule rapidly elongates into primordial phallus&raquo_space; glans and shaft of penis
2) Urogenital folds pulled along with genital tubercule&raquo_space; fuse at underside of penis (perineal raphe)
3) Labioscrotal swelling = forms exterior wall and scrotum
4) Surface ectoderm invaginates > ectodermal cord > fuse with spongy urethra + create Navicular fossa and prepuce

33
Q

Embryonic defect causing hypospadia?

A

ectopic location of the urethral meatus

Incomplete fusion of the urethral groove:

  • incomplete development of the prepuce
  • ventral skin deficiency/penile curvature
34
Q

Describe the formation of external genitalia in female?

A

1) Genital tubercule curves ventrally > clitoris
2) Urogenital folds do not fuse > labia minora
3) Labioscrotal fold do not fuse&raquo_space; Labia majora

35
Q

Describe the relocation of the testis during development?

A

End of 2nd month:

  • Gonads and mesonephros anchored to posterior abdominal wall
  • Gubernaculum (fibromuscular cord) connect gonads to labioscrotal swelling
  • Upper inguinal canal degenerates
  • Testis dragged down/ out of abdominal cavity into scrotum below inguinal canal, behind Vaginal process

7 month:
- Upper vaginal process fuse, close off scrotum from Abd. cavity

36
Q

Embryonic defect in ectopic testis or Cryptochidism?

A

Cyptochidism = retention of testis in abdominal cavity

Failure of correct migration into scrotum

37
Q

Embyronic defect causing Hydrocele formation in testes?

A

Hydrocele = fluid secreting cyst between parietal and visceral layer of tunica vaginalis

Failure of vaginal process to fuse properly&raquo_space; congenital indirect inguinal herniation (intestine loop pushed into scrotum)

38
Q

Describe the relocation of the ovaries during development?

A

7th week:

  • Gubernaculum attached to ovary, no shortening due to lack of Testosterone
  • Gubernaculum persists as ligament:

i) cranial part - round ligament of OVARY, connect ovary to uterus
ii) Caudal part - round ligament of UTERUS, connect uterus to labia majora

MBBS II ERS (37 decks)

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