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Chemistry (Semester 1) > L2: The Structure of the Atom > Flashcards

L2: The Structure of the Atom Flashcards

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1
Q

What are nucleons?

A

Protons and neutrons

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2
Q

True or false: nucleons determine the properties of an atom

A

False. Electrons determine the properties of an atom

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3
Q

Define an isotope

A

Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass number (i.e. same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons)

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4
Q

True or false: Isotopes have identical chemical properties

A

True, because the outer shell electron configuration is the same

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5
Q

True or false: Isotopes share identical physical properties

A

False, physical properties, like density, may differ between isotopes

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6
Q

What are the three isotopes of hydrogen? What particles are found in each nucleus?

A

1) Protium (1 proton, 0 neutrons)
2) Deuterium (1 proton, 1 neutron)
3) Tritium (1 proton, 2 neutrons)

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7
Q

Which is the most abundant isotope of H?

A) Protium
B) Deuterium
C) Tritium

A

A) Protium

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8
Q

Which isotope of H is most useful for NMR spectroscopy?

A) Protium
B) Deuterium
C) Tritium

A

B) Deuterium

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9
Q

Which isotope of H is radioactive?

A

C) Tritium

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10
Q

How many protons are found in each H nucleus?

A

1

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11
Q

What is the fate of a stable isotope?

A

Remains unchanged indefinitely

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12
Q

What is the fate of an unstable isotope?

A

Spontaneously disintegrate to become stable.

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13
Q

What happens when an unstable isotope disintegrates?

A

Small particles and/or radiation are emitted

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14
Q

Which type of isotope (stable or unstable) are useful as diagnostic tools and tracers in scientific research?

A

Both!

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15
Q

What method is most commonly used to detect isotopes?

A

Mass spectrometry

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16
Q

True or false: Mass spectrometry can be used to detect relative abundance of isotopes

A

True

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17
Q

True or false: Mass spectrometry can determine the identity of small particles and proteins

A

True

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18
Q

What must atoms and molecules be converted to before the mass spectrometer can analyse their composition?

A

Ions - this allows them to be separated based on their masses and motions in magnetic or electrical fields

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19
Q

True or false: In mass spectrometry, the position of the peak gives the relative abundance?

A

False. The relative abundance is given by the intensity of the peak

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20
Q

True or false: In mass spectrometry, the position of the peak gives the atomic mass

A

True

21
Q

What are the three types of radiation that can be emitted by radioactive isotopes?

A

1) Alpha particle
2) Beta particle
3) Gamma photon

22
Q

True or false: an alpha particle is equivalent to a hydrogen nucleus

A

False. It is equivalent to a helium nucleus (2 protons, 2 neutrons)

23
Q

True or false: an alpha particle is uncharged

A

False. It is positively charged due to the lack of negative particles

24
Q

What are the two types of beta radiation?

A

1) Beta minus

2) Beta plus

25
Q

What happens in beta plus radiation?

A

A positron is emitted

26
Q

What happens in beta minus radiation?

A

An electron is emitted

27
Q

What is emitted in gamma radiation?

A

A photon

28
Q

True or false: A gamma photon is neutrally charged

A

True

29
Q

How does gamma radiation effect atomic mass?

A

It has no effect

30
Q

True or false: Gamma radiation is usually in conjuction with alpha or beta radiation

A

True. An alpha or beta particle leaves the nucleus in an excited state; it then loses energy by emitting a gamma photon

31
Q

You notice an isotope goes from an atomic mass of 223 to an atomic mass of 219. What type of radiation is in effect?

A

Alpha - an alpha particle of 2 protons and 2 neutrons has been emitted

32
Q

You place a detector in a paper bag. Nothing happens when you bring a radioactive sample close by. What type of radiation is being emitted?

A

Alpha - it is stopped by paper; beta and gamma are not

33
Q

What material would make a suitable container for gamma radioactive material?

A

Lead, as it absorbs gamma radiation

34
Q

You place a detector in an aluminium box. It alerts when you bring an unknown radioactive substance nearby. What type of radiation is in effect?

A

It must be gamma as alpha and beta would be absorbed by the aluminium box

35
Q

You place a detector in a paper bag. It alerts when you bring an unknown radioactive substance nearby. What type of radiation is in effect?

A

Either beta or gamma. Both would pass through the paper bag; alpha would not.

36
Q

Give four industrial uses of unstable isotopes

A

1) Energy generation
2) Sterilisation of food and medical supplies
3) Smoke detectors
4) Imaging and gauging

37
Q

Give two medical uses of unstable isotopes

A

1) Provide diagnostic information

2) Treatment by targeting cells

38
Q

Which radioisotope is most commonly used in imaging? Why?

A

Technitium.

  • Emits gamma ray and low energy beta
  • Half life of 6 hours
  • Can be produced on sit
39
Q

What are the requirements of any radioisotope that is to be used in imaging?

A

Must emit gamma rays with sufficient energy to leave the body, and must also have a short half life so it will decay away shortly after the imaging has taken place

40
Q

What imaging method may use thallium-201 chloride, Rb-82, or Tc-99? What is used for?

A

Myocardial Perfusion Imaging (MPI). Detection and prognosis of coronary artery disease

41
Q

Which radioisotope is used in PET imaging to measure cell metabolism? Why?

A

18F-Fluoro-deoxy glucose. Half life of 110 minutes.

42
Q

What are the uses of radioiodine? (2 isotopes)

A

Iodine-132 is used in diagnostics

Iodine-131 is used to treat hyperthyroid or thyroid cancer

43
Q

What is the half life and radiation-type of Iodine-131?

A

8.02 days

Beta and gamma radiation

44
Q

What type of radiation is best suited to radiotherapy?

A

Strong beta to damage cells in a small, controlled area

45
Q

What are Sr-89 Chloride and Sm-153 used for in radiotherapy?

A

Bone metastasis

46
Q

What is P-32 used for in radiotherapy?

A

Polycythaemia. P-32 beta emissions control the production of red blood cells in bone marrow

47
Q

What is the half life of P-32?

A

14.28 days

48
Q

Lutetium-177 and Yttrium-90 are commonly used how?

A

Conjugated to peptides or antibodies in radiotherapy

Chemistry (Semester 1) (10 decks)

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