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Chemistry (Semester 1) > L11 & 12: Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

L11 & 12: Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Define heteroatom

A

Any atom that isn’t carbon or hydrogen

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2
Q

What are some common heteroatoms?

A

Nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, phosphorus, chlorine, bromine, iodine

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3
Q

Organic or inorganic? Oxides of carbon (CO2, CO)

A

Inorganic

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4
Q

Organic or inorganic? Carbonates (Na2CO3)

A

Inorganic

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5
Q

Organic or inorganic? Bicarbonates (NaHCO3)

A

Inorganic

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6
Q

Organic or inorganic? Metal carbides (CaC2)

A

Inorganic

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7
Q

Organic or inorganic? Metal cyanides (KCN)

A

Inorganic

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8
Q

Define catenation

A

The linkage of atoms of a single element into longer chains

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9
Q

What type of bond is formed between 2 carbon atoms?

A

Covalent

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10
Q

Organic or inorganic? Composed of C, H, and few other elements

A

Organic

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11
Q

Organic or inorganic? Covalent bonding

A

Organic

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12
Q

Organic or inorganic? Generally low solubility in water; high solubility in non-polar solvents.

A

Organic

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13
Q

Organic or inorganic? Flammable

A

Organic

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14
Q

Organic or inorganic? Isomerism is common

A

Organic

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15
Q

Organic or inorganic? Chemical reactions occur between molecules - can be slower

A

Organic

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16
Q

Organic or inorganic? Classified into families based on functional groups; homologous series based on chain length

A

Organic

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17
Q

Organic or inorganic? Composed of all known elements

A

Inorganic

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18
Q

Organic or inorganic? Often ionic bonding

A

Inorganic

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19
Q

Organic or inorganic? High solubility in water; low solubility in non-polar solvents

A

Inorganic

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20
Q

Organic or inorganic? Non-flammable

A

Inorganic

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21
Q

Organic or inorganic? Isomers are less common (only in transition metal complexes)

A

Inorganic

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22
Q

Organic or inorganic? Chemical reactions occur between ions - usually fast and quantitative

A

Inorganic

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23
Q

Organic or inorganic? Classified as acid, base, or salt

A

Inorganic

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24
Q

Why is it difficult to synthesise organic reagents?

A

Organic reactions are less predictable and harder to reproduce

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25
Q

When drawing molecules, at what angles should you set the bonds?

A

120°

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26
Q

What do the missing bonds mean on molecular diagrams?

A

Carbon bonding to a H

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27
Q

If a material is derived from a plant, what kind of molecule will it be made of?

A

Sugars

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28
Q

If a material is derived from animals, what kind of molecule will it be made of?

A

Protein

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29
Q

What are the two stable isotopes of carbon?

A

12 & 13

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30
Q

Does carbon form strong or weak bonds?

A

Strong covalent bonds

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31
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

Contains no C-C double or triple bonds; only single. E.g. alkanes

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32
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

Contains C-C double/triple bonds. E.g. alkenes, alkynes, aromatics

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33
Q

Saturated or unsaturated? Alkanes

A

Saturated

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34
Q

Saturated or unsaturated? Alkenes

A

Unsaturated

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35
Q

Saturated or unsaturated? Alkynes

A

Unsaturated

36
Q

Saturated or unsaturated? Aromatics

A

Unsaturated

37
Q

What is the simplest organic molecule?

A

Methane, CH4

38
Q

What is the shape of methane?

A

Tetrahedral, 109.5° bonds

39
Q

General formula CnH2n+2 is for…?

A

Alkanes (saturated, linear molecules)

40
Q

CnH2n is for…?

A

Cycloalkanes (cyclic, saturated molecules)

41
Q

Alkenes are [saturated/unsaturated]

A

Unsaturated

42
Q

Alkynes are [saturated/unsaturated]

A

Unsaturated

43
Q

Do saturated hydrocarbons have more or fewer hydrogen atoms per carbon than unsaturated?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons have more hydrogens per carbon atom

44
Q

Are aromatics saturated or unsaturated?

A

Unsaturated

45
Q

What is specific about aromatics?

A

They have one or more benzene rings

46
Q

What is a benzene ring?

A

Ring of 6 carbon atoms

47
Q

Name an alkane with 1 carbon atom

A

Methane

48
Q

Name an alkane with 2 carbon atoms

A

Ethane

49
Q

Name an alkane with 3 carbon atoms

A

Propane

50
Q

Name an alkane with 4 carbon atoms

A

Butane

51
Q

Name an alkane with 5 carbon atoms

A

Pentane

52
Q

Name an alkane with 6 carbon atoms

A

Hexane

53
Q

Name an alkane with 7 carbon atoms

A

Heptane

54
Q

Name an alkane with 8 carbon atoms

A

Octane

55
Q

What is the first step in naming alkanes?

A

Find and name the longest carbon chain, called the parent chain

56
Q

From which end do you number the carbons?

A

The end with the most proximal attached group/side chain

57
Q

How do you name each group attached to a carbon chain?

A

Designate the carbon it is attached to, and then add the identity of the group (2-methyl, 3-chloro-)

58
Q

How do you order the groups/side chains when naming alkanes?

A

Alphabetically

59
Q

When naming isomers, what does n- mean?

A

Alkane is unbranched

60
Q

When naming isomers, what does iso- mean?

A

Alkane contains (CH3)2CH- with no other branches

This is a single methyl group on carbon #2

61
Q

When naming isomers, what does neo- mean?

A

Alkane contains (CH3)3CH- and no other branches

This is 2 methyl groups on carbon #2

62
Q

What is a primary (1°) carbon?

A

A carbon bonded to one other carbon atom or one heteroatom

63
Q

What is a secondary (2°) carbon?

A

A carbon bonded to two other carbon atoms

64
Q

What is a tertiary (3°) carbon?

A

A carbon bonded to 3 other carbon atoms

65
Q

What is a quaternary (4°) carbon?

A

A carbon bonded to four other carbon atoms

66
Q

What are the three main types of organic compound?

A

1) Aliphatic
2) Aromatic
3) Heterocyclic

67
Q

True or false: Aliphatic compounds are always acyclic

A

False. Some are cyclic. You can have saturated and unsaturated aliphatic chains. You can also have alicyclic rings.

68
Q

What are the three main types of cyclic organic compound?

A

1) Alicyclic
2) Aromatic
3) Heterocyclic

69
Q

True or false: Aromatic rings contain only unsaturated carbon atoms

A

True

70
Q

What characterises a heterocyclic compound?

A

Contains a ring made up of carbon and at least one other element (such as N, S or O)

71
Q

Which of the following are true of functional groups?

A) Gives its characteristic chemical properties

B) Acts as a site of chemical reactivity

C) Serves as the basis for nomenclature

D) Classifies its family

E) All of the above

A

E) All of the above

72
Q

What is the most dominant functional group in a polyfunctional compound?

A

Carboxylic Acid

73
Q

Rank these functional groups according to the order of preference in polyfunctional compounds (highest ranking first):

Esters
Nitro
Nitrile
Carboxylic Acid
Alcohols
Aldehydes
Halogens
Double bond
Triple bond
Ketones
Acid anhydrides
Acid halides
Amines
Amides
A

1) Carboxylic acid
2) Acid anhydrides
3) Esters
4) Acid halides
5) Amides
6) Nitriles
7) Aldehydes
8) Ketones
9) Alcohols
10) Amines
11) Double bonds
12) Triple bonds
13) Halogen
14) Nitro

74
Q

True or false: Homologues are prepared by similar methods

A

True

75
Q

What is linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO)?

A

Orbitals combine to form hybrid atomic orbitals (sp, sp2, sp3) and molecular orbitals

76
Q

True or false: Hybrid atomic orbitals are a combination of atomic orbitals from different atoms?

A

False. HAOs from by hybridising orbitals from the same atom. Molecular orbitals are a combination from different atoms

77
Q

Fill in the gap:

sp3 hybridisation forms _____ bonds only

A

sigma

although single bonds is also correct

78
Q

Fill in the gap:

sp2 hybridisation forms ___(1)___ sigma bond(s) and ___(2)___ pi bond(s).

A

(1) one

(2) one

79
Q

Which functional families use sp2 hybridisation?

A

Alkenes, carbonyls and aromatic rings

80
Q

What bonds are formed by sp hybridisation?

A

Triple bonds (one sigma and two pi).

81
Q

Which functional families use sp hybridisation?

A

Alkynes and nitriles

82
Q

sp3 orbitals are set at what angle to each other?

A) 90
B) 109.5
C) 120
D) 180

A

B) 109.5

83
Q

sp2 orbitals are set at what angle to each other?

A) 90
B) 109.5
C) 120
D) 180

A

C) 120

84
Q

sp orbitals are set at what angle to each other?

A) 90
B) 109.5
C) 120
D) 180

A

D) 180

85
Q

How many groups can bond to C in sp hybridisation?

A

2

86
Q

How many groups can bond the C in sp2 hybridisation?

A

3

87
Q

How many groups can bond to C in sp3 hybridisation?

A

4

Chemistry (Semester 1) (10 decks)

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