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PHYSL 400 - Repro > L2- Reproductive Behaviour, Libido & Control > Flashcards

L2- Reproductive Behaviour, Libido & Control Flashcards

1
Q

natural reproduction depends on ?

A

interaction between individuals of species.

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2
Q

reproductive success may depend on ?

A

age + engaging in sex

  • libido
  • engaging in sex enough times.
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3
Q

sex roles are a product of (3)

A

biological nature

  • perception of this nature
  • presentation of sexuality to others
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4
Q

what is biological sex?

A

determines anatomical + physiological “femaleness” or “maleness”

XX = ovaries, female accessory sex structures, female 2-ary sex characteristics

XY = testes, male accessory sex structures, male 2-ary sex characteristics

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5
Q

biological sex + brain function

A
  • hormones present during brain development shape how the brain forms.
  • also shapes sexual behaviour
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6
Q

what id gender identity

A

psychological perception of one’s biological sex

  • personal experience,
  • not necessarily lines up with biological sex
  • not static, and not necessarily binary
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7
Q

what are sex roles?

A

outward expression of gender identity

- presentation thru behaviour

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8
Q

what influences are on sex roles + gender identity?

A

culture, social interactions, home/family enviro, religious beliefs, biology
= nature vs nurture

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9
Q

what is sexual reproduction?

A

interaction of two distinct sexual organisms

- sexual process: implies specific + complex affinity btw individuals of the opposite sex

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10
Q

human sexual behaviour encompasses a wide range of activities: (3)

A

strategies to find + attract partners

  • chemical interactions btw individuals
  • physical interactions during sexual intercourse : neuro-endocrine intxn - ANS influences repro
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11
Q

ensuring copulation -need what?

A

make fusion of gametes possible

  • facilitate sperm entry into female repro tract
  • fertilize ovum
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12
Q

key aspect in sexual function?

A

sexual desire : interest in engaging

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13
Q

physiology of sexual connections

  • 3 types
  • made by?
A

physical, chemical + informational connections.

- made by emitting + receiving physical + chemical cues from individual.

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14
Q

3 emotional categories for mating + reproduction?

A
  1. lust (libido/sex drive)
  2. attraction
  3. attachment

each assoc with particular pattern of neural activity + evolved to control aspect of repro

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15
Q

Lust

  • what is it?
  • leads to?
A

= craving for sexual gratification

  • motivational
  • leads to initiation of sexual activity + procreative behaviour
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16
Q

Attraction

A

lust facilitates attraction.

  • preference for certain traits exhibited by potential mate
  • increased energy + focused attention on potential mate that is worth the cost (energy, time, viability)
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17
Q

attachment

A

maintain close social contact

- recognizing, preferring + maintaining proximity.

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18
Q

how three emotional categories evolved nowadays?

A

more independent of each other.

- can interact, but dont have to be tied for successful repro.

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19
Q

what is human mating flexibility?

A

separation of the three emotional categories.

- widen contemporary human mative + repro strategies

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20
Q

behavioural variation

A

distribution of brain sites, hormone, and NT receptors assoc with each emotion category varies btw + within species, and within person over time.

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21
Q

examples of behavioural variation

A
  • individual variation of sex drive among humans
  • individual variaitons in frequency + duration of human attraction
  • individual variation in human attachment
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22
Q

other impacts behavioural variation

A
  • cultural + ecological.

* may have neural correlates*

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23
Q

sex drive as an intrinsic, natural phenomenon

- implications of it?

A
  • evolved to drive ppl to engage in sex
  • thought to arise intrinsically around sexual maturity
  • gave ppl pleasure in sex (not found in other animals)
  • duration + frequency of human sexual encounters exceeds that of other animals
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24
Q

how is sex drive a multidimensional phenomenon?

A

many mammalian aspects of anatomy + physiology involved

- modulated by ecological stimuli, olfactory cues, learning

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25
Q

what hormones are associated with sex drive/lust?

A

androgens + estrogens

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26
Q

what happens if lust is impaired?

A

asexual , may not want to engage.

- initiation becomes a problem.

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27
Q

sex drive mediated by what?

A

median preoptic area of anterior hypothalamus

28
Q

MPOA regulates?

A

ALL motivated, goal-directed behaviour required for survival of individual + species

29
Q

MPOA is source of?

A

GnRH . stimulates sex steroid production

30
Q

lesion of MPOA =?

A

first observed in male guinea pigs.

  • disrupts male sexual behaviour in all vertebrate species studied.
  • disrupts appetitive behaviours
31
Q

what are the appetitive behaviours in rats?

A

motivational behaviours - particularly sequences + timed.

  1. hop + darts around female rat
  2. female lordosis
32
Q

Male rats - sexually rewarded maze learning.

MPOA damage?

A

x-maze, sexually receptive female in one arm.

- MPOA damage: olfactory cues will be ignored + male wont seek out female.

33
Q

castrated male + ovariectomized female rodents -

  • replace with A?
A

do not exhibit sexual desire. ]

  • no T
  • DHEA not enough to support repro fxns
  • if replace with A: normal sex fxn. increase dose = increase libido
34
Q

T related to sex drive - evidence?

A

elevated T (in M or F) = increased sex drive.

  • T converted to E, so maybe E has effect on sex drive.
35
Q

circulating T in young human males : STUDY

A

measured circulating T and time spent viewing erotic stimuli.

  • more T = more time spent viewing erotic image.
  • higher T = higher sexual motivation
36
Q

circulating T in young males : STUDY - implications

A
  • strongly predicts sexual motivation + behaviour

- directly implicated in increased interest in sexual visual stimuli

37
Q

where do steroid hormones act when sexually relevant stimulus?

A
  • steroid hormones act centrally + peripherally = more likely to elicit sexual response
38
Q

sex hormones affect other hormones how?

A

modulate central neurotransmitter release: prime brain to be more receptive to sexual stimuli.

  • DA increase?
  • act in MPOA of hypothal.
39
Q

MPOA and other senses

A

MPOA uses sex hormones to prime sensory processing to favour sexually relevant stimuli.

40
Q

DA signalling in MPOA

A
  • inject DA antagonist = decreased sexual motivation

- DA rises in pre-copulatory period - indicating role in sexual motivation.

41
Q

T interaction with DA - found in male rats

A

T presence required for DA increase = permissive effect on DA release.

42
Q

study in male rats on DA.

  • intact
  • castrated with T supplement
  • castrated + vehicle (1 week)
  • castrated + vehicle (2 weeks)

what are 3 phases?

A

3 phases?

  • baseline
  • pre-copulatory: smell/sense female but can’t get to her
  • cop: male makes contact with female - usually engage in sex, ejaculates 6-8 times a session.
43
Q

study in male rats on DA.

- intact rats response

A
  • pro-cop: detect F, DA increase in MPOA.
  • continually increase, active process of DA increase. if in pre-cop for too long, DA with decrease. need cop
  • cop: successful mating many times
44
Q

study in male rats on DA.

- cast + T

A
  • supplemental T rescues sexual motivation. performance worse than natural but still increase in DA thru phases
45
Q

study in male rats on DA.

- Cast + Veh 1 week

A

no T because testes were removed.

  • still see increase in DA throughout pre-cop + cop.
  • circulating T not found, but T has long lasting effect.
  • found for E too.
46
Q

implications from study in male rats on DA. re: cast + vehicle 1 week.

A

priming of T on MPOA is longer lasting, has residual effect.

47
Q

study in male rats on DA. - cast + 2 weeks vehicle

A

No T, remove testes

  • no more circulating T, all positive + long-lasting effects have diminished
  • no rise in DA during pre-cop.
  • similar results as when lesion MPOA, remove T or prevent DA
48
Q

anti-depressants on libido

A

side effects of SSRI = supress libido.

- where DA stimulates, 5-HT supresses

49
Q

what NTs are associated with attraction?

A

catecholamines + DA

50
Q

what characteristics make a preferred partner

A

physical symmetry

  • display of resources
  • display of fertility
  • display of health
51
Q

attraction in humans vs animal models

A

animals = attraction is fleeting

- humans: attraction is longer + higher intensity

52
Q

romantic attraction appears in brain how?

A
  • mesolimbic area (reward centre)

- - increased monoamine NT: DA, NA

53
Q

some effects of DA

A

euphoria, loss of appetite, hyperactivity, increased mental activity, decreased need for sleep.

  • heightened motivation + goal-directed behaviours
  • most likely assoc with increased passionate attraction
54
Q

higher order cogniton involved in attraction - why?

A

over-ride who/what we are attracted to.

- other factors influence: culture, family expectations, childhood experience

55
Q

what does attachment look like?

A

species-specific touching, separation anxiety when apart, attempting to restore close contact after separation
- form “pair bonds”

56
Q

what hormones are associated with attachment?

A

vasopressin + oxytocin

  • V: usually think about water reabsorption, renal stuff
  • O : childbirth, uterine contraction, pair bond with partner/child
57
Q

attachment evolved why?

- attachment related to?

A

evolved to motivate individuals to engage in positive social behaviours (stick close to bb - give them a chance)

  • assume species-specific parenting behaviours
  • associated with consummatory actions
  • not necessarily related to attraction or sex drive
58
Q

vasopressin + oxytocin

  • mediator of what?
  • produced by?
A

highly conserved mediators of social cognition + behaviour
- produced by neurons in SON and PVN, released from post pit thru neuro-circulatory connection with hypothal.
-

59
Q

extra-hypothalamic sites for V production

A
  • act on pre-frontal cortex and modulate behaviour

- develop in greater numbers in males compared to females

60
Q

neurochemistry of the paid bond

- study of prairie voles + O

A

Ctrl females: spend more time with partner than with stranger.

O antagonist + O = same as control

O into brain = when physiologically relevant does, F spends more time with mate of choice, less with stranger

O injected peripherally = dont see marked effect in facilitation of pair bond.

61
Q

V and pair bond in males

A

F => O

M => V

62
Q

male prairie voles + V study

- block V

A

anti-V: less time spent with partner and more time spent with stanger.
suggests V is important for male pair bonds

  • V more responsible for pair bond than O
63
Q

O receptors found where?

A

nucleus accumbens + PFC

64
Q

monogamous behaviour in males asosc with?

A

increased V in ventral pallidum

65
Q

O + V implications for humans from info on rodents?

A
  • roles difficult to discern
  • increased O after male orgasm
  • increased V during sexual arousal
  • sex may not be essential for bond formation but may facilitate.
66
Q

young male humans. blood samples of O+V

- findings?

A
  • arousal: V not much higher than baseline. higher O in/after orgasm.

PHYSL 400 - Repro (20 decks)

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