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PHYSL 400 - Repro > L 1- intro > Flashcards

L 1- intro Flashcards

1
Q

significance of repro physiology

A
  • for all ages
  • evolutionary : survival + procreation
  • industry: agriculture
  • societal significance
  • personal significance
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2
Q

human reproduction

- elements of

A
  • mate for pleasure + procreation
  • internal fertilization (provide aqueous enviro for sperm = more viable
  • mating + courtship rituals
  • internal fetal development in terrestiral environment
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3
Q

2 functions of internal fetal development?

A
  • protect embryo form dehydration

- cushion embryo in fluid buffer

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4
Q

physiological definition of reproduction

  • individual survival?
  • how does repro work on chromosomal level?
A

definition =. perpetuation of species : production of robust offspring, fundamental for species survival

  • not essential for individual survival
  • integration of parental chromosomes: biological variation + adaptation to enviro pressures
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5
Q

4 overarching themes:

A
  1. pre-conception
    2: pregnancy
  2. post-partum
  3. emerging topics
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6
Q

key players in repro physiology

- additional important elements?

A

key: male repro system, female repro system
additional: hormones - endocrine, brain

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7
Q

regulatory systems involved in reproduction?

A
  • gonads
  • Hypothal, ant-pit
  • NS
  • hormones/endocrine
  • intercommunication between systems
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8
Q

endocrine glands + hormones

what are hormones?
2 types of hormones?
how are hormones detected?

A
  • chemical messengers: cell/body tissues are prompted to alter activity in response to specific hormones
  • peptide + steroid ( cholesterol-derived)
  • hormone receptors: distribution ensures targeted response
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9
Q

describe synthesis of progesterone

A

steroid hormone: cholesterol -> progesterone.

-secreted by ovaries

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10
Q

synthesis of androstenedione

A

cholesterol -> progesterone -> androstenedione

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11
Q

synthesis of estrogen from cholesterol

A

cholesterol -> progesterone -> androstenedione OR T – AROMATASE–> Estrogens:

  • Estrone estradiol
  • secreted by ovaries
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12
Q

synthesis of T

A

cholesterol -> progesterone -> androstenedione -> T. secreted by testes

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13
Q

synthesis of Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

A

cholesterol -> progesterone -> androstenedione -. testosterone –5-a-REDUCTASE –> DHT

  • produced in target tissue
  • DHT is more potent form of T: responsible for 2-ary sex characters
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14
Q

what drives hormone synthesis?

- how mutations impact this?

A

genes code for enzymes = formation of sex hormones

  • gene mutation = atypical steroid synthesis + secretion.
  • may impact sexual development + function
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15
Q

what are 2 androgens?

A

DHT + T.

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16
Q

where is T synthesized?

A

testes mostly

- little bit by adrenal cortex in form of DHEA. less potent than T.

17
Q

DHT - compared to T? synthesized by?

A

more potent than T

- synthesized by 5-a-reductase

18
Q

are androgens found in females?

A

yes, secreted by ovaries in small amounts and by adrenal cortex

19
Q

what are estrogens?

how is E produced

  • is E present in males?
A 
class of steroid hormones
- estradiol (predominant), estrone and estriol (in pregnant women, produced by placenta).
  • all E from androgens (androstenedione or T) via aromatization
  • present in males. released from testes, converted from androgen by aromatase
20
Q

how E in males relates to obesity?

A

if obese/more fat tissue = more aromatase in the fat tissue.
potential to convert T to E

21
Q

what is progesterone?

A

major secretory product of the ovaries during specific times in menstrual cycle

  • also produced in adrenal gland.
  • secreted by placenta
  • intermediate in synthesis of androgens, estrogens.
22
Q

4 actions of gonadal steroids

A
  1. enter cells
  2. bind intracellular receptors to form hormone-receptor complex
  3. complex binds DNA in nucleus & modifies mRNA formation
  4. Modification of protein synthesis & circulating protein concentration
23
Q

2 effects of gonadal steroids

A
  1. development of reproductive organs

2. secondary sexual characteristics

24
Q

what does development of accessory repro organs look like?

A
  • duct system carrying sperm + eggs

- breast development : ovarian hormones

25
Q

what secondary sex characterisitcs do gonadal steroids control?

A

-phenotypic differences in hair distn pattern, body shape, height
F: oestrogen = breasts, pubic hair, wide hips
M: testosterone = body hair grows, voice breaks, muscle growth increases

26
Q

pituitary function in sex hormones?

A

synthesizes + secretes hormones that travel in bloodstream.

- master gland: influences almost every function of body.

27
Q

what is a hypophysectomy and what would happen to repro?

A

-destroyed/removed pituitary

= non functional repro system
= altered sexual behaviour

28
Q

what is HPG axis

A
  • reproductive system primarily controlled by the brain.
29
Q

hypothal involvement in HPG axis

A

hypothalamic neuroedocrine cells release GnRH, acts on ant pit to release Gn - LH + FSH.

30
Q

general function of FSH + LH

A

stimulate gonadal function in both M+F

31
Q

how is GnRH released?

A
  • pulses released every 1-3 hours.

- by GnRH pulse generator contained within neuroendocrine cells.

32
Q

why is GnRH released in pulsatile fashion?

A

if levels were steady, GnRH receptors in pituitary with down-regulate. pit would become blind to GnRH over time.

33
Q

what happens to children with GnRH deficiency?

A

do not mature sexually

  • no steady infusion of GnRH in patients
  • if pulsatile release is mimicked, children will go through puberty
34
Q

what factors may inhibit GnRH release?

A

stress, change in emotion, exposure to trauma, stressor form other brain region, circulating hormones.

35
Q

stress, HPG axis and trying to reproduce

A

stress decreases GnRH thus suppressing downstream repro system.
If trying to reproduce, the fact that repro system is suppressed can be more stressful = further suppressing HPG + repro fxn.

have to treat whole patient, not just repro system

36
Q

how GnRH neurons release GnRH in pulsatile fashion?

A
  • upstream neurons called KISSPEPTIN neurons release kisspeptin which inds to GnRH and sets the pulsatile release of GnRH.
37
Q

LH + FSH in both males + females

A
  • same structure in both sexes.

- LH + FSH act on gonads and other tissues with receptors.

38
Q

what are 2 functions of LH + FSH?

A

gamete maturation (sperm/ova)

sex hormone secretion - affects whole body

39
Q

how does sex hormone secretion affect LH +FSH release

A

(tend to do )negative feedback effects on secretion of GnRH

PHYSL 400 - Repro (20 decks)

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