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BIO2004 Plant biology II > L2: Plant growth + differentiation > Flashcards

L2: Plant growth + differentiation Flashcards

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1
Q

Patterns of growth:

  1. Addition + enlargement of new cells is a function of:
    - Cell _ in meristems
    - Cell _ after division
  2. Primary apical meristems + extension = (3)
A
    • division
      - enlargement
  2. roots, stems, leaves
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2
Q

Apical meristems:
1. Apical meristems in root and shoot tips for _ growth
2. Root apical meristem:
> branch roots arise back from _
3. Root cap:
> mechanical _ for meristem
4. _ aids movement and gravity perception
5. _ zone:
> _ dividing cells production of new tissues for elongation and regeneration of _

A
  1. lengthening
  2. root cap
  3. protection
  4. mucigel
  5. > quiescent
    slowly
    regeneration
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3
Q

Apical meristems:
1. Apical meristems also produce _ (located in axil)
2. Leaves/branches emerge from _ on stems
3. _ are stem regions between nodes
4. Height increases by:
> adding new _ (cell division at meristem)
> by elongation of _

A
  1. axillary buds
  2. nodes
  3. internodes
  4. nodes
  5. internodes
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4
Q

Apical meristems:

  1. Growth regulated by _
  2. Auxins & cytokinin’s control _
  3. Giberellins control _
A
  1. hormones
  2. apical dominance
  3. internode elongation
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5
Q 
Apical meristems:	
1. rosette habit: [circular arrangement of leaves]
> internodes fail to _
> Plant body is _ symmetrical 
> growth is _
2. (2) phyllotaxy 
3.  Lateral meristems: 
> Are _
> For secondary growth that _ stems & roots = improved (2)
A 
1. > elongate 
> radially 
> indeterminate 
2. > Spiral 
> opposite 
3. > cylindrical
> thickens 
> conduction + support
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6
Q 
Cell growth: 
1. Cell enlargement is: 
> driven by _ uptake  
> limited by strength and rigidity of _
> Mechanism distinct from _ 
2. Uptake of water into _
3. _ unlock linkages between cell wall components 
> Cell wall can (2)
A 
1. > water 
> cell wall 
> animals 
2. vacuole 
3. > expansins 
> stretch + expand
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7
Q 
Water potential: 
1. ΨW = ΨS + ΨP
ΨW: _ potential.
ΨS: _ potential 
ΨP: _ potential
2. All defined as _ for pure water at atmospheric pressure 
3. Water moves from high to low _
4. Water moves from high to low _
A 
1. > water 
> solute 
> pressure 
2. 0 
3. water potential
4. solute potential
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8
Q

Water uptake by cells - osmosis:

  1. High solute content Ψs in vacuole _ water potential Ψw = water _ cell
  2. Cell wall prevents _
  3. _ is created by pressure generated by expanding protoplast against cell wall
A 
1. > decreases 
> enters 
[WP never higher than 0. more solutes more negative]
2. bursting 
3. turgor
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9
Q

What controls rate of water uptake:
1. Measured by increase in cell volume over time:

LΔΨW = L(ΔΨS + P)
> L = _ conductance (property of membrane)
> ΔΨW = _ difference between cell and surroundings (must be - for net movement).
> ΔΨS = gradient in _ between cell & surroundings (normally - )
> P = _ pressure of cell (normally +)

A
  1. volume
  2. > hydraulic
    water potential
    osmotic pressure
    turgor
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10
Q

What controls rate of water uptake:

  1. Higher conductance implies _ water uptake
  2. For cell to continue growing ΔΨW must not reach _
  3. As cell takes up water pressure of protoplast against cell wall generates turgor pressure P which balances _ of cell
  4. When cell not growing no increase in cell volume thus no net water uptake so ΔΨW+P becomes _
A
  1. faster
  2. 0
  3. osmotic potential
  4. 0
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11
Q

How are strength + rigidity of cell wall modified to permit water uptake & cell enlargement:
1. Potential conflict: turgor promotes wall _ but opposes continued uptake of _
2. Answer: _ (Elastic & Plastic components bear the stress)
3. Wall loosening (expansins):
> _ is reduced
> Decrease in _
> Uptake of _
> Cell _

A 
1. > extension 
> water 
2. stress relaxation 
3. > turgor 
> ΔΨ 
> water 
> expands
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12
Q

Measuring plant growth:

  1. Increase in total _ + _ among organs for acquisition of above or below ground resources
  2. High leaf _ enables plants to grow fast
  3. RGR = LAR x NAR
    > RGR: _ (relative to mass already present)
    > LAR: _ (amount of leaf area per unit total plant mass)
    > NAR: _ (rate of increase in plant mass per unit leaf area)
  4. LAR = SLA x LMR
    > SLA: _ (leaf area per unit leaf mass)
    > LMR: _ (fraction of total plant biomass allocated to leaves)
A 
1. > dry mass 
> distribution 
2. area 
3.  > relative growth rate 
> leaf area ratio 
> net assimilation rate 
4. > specific leaf area 
> leaf mass ratio
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13
Q

Growth at the level of individual organs:
E.g. leaves:
1. Leaf width & length: measure of leaf _
2. Length to width ratio: _ + pattern of leaf _

A
  1. expansion
  2. > growth
    development
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14
Q

Factors influencing growth:

  1. Rate of _
  2. _ availability
  3. n_
  4. _ factors
A
  1. photosynthesis
  2. water
  3. nutrition
  4. genetic
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15
Q

Differentiation produces specialised cells in various tissues:
1. E.g. of specialised cells (4)
2. Cell specialisation is controlled by:
> _ chemical signals (hormones)
> _ signals (e.g. light)
> (By inducing changes in _)
3. Totipotency:
> All cells of plant generally have same genetic material but differ in particular sets of genes _
> Gives potential for _
> Undifferentiated cells can be _ to differentiate in tissue culture

A
  1. stomata, root hairs, xylem, phloem cells
  2. > internal
    external
    gene expression
  3. > expressed
    reprogramming
    induced
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16
Q

Functions of specialised plant epidermal cells:
1. C Pavement cells:
> Structure + spacing morphologically _
2. B Stomata:
> _ of water loss + gas exchange.
> Spacing non random, distribution affected by the _ ([CO2] & light)
3. D Root hairs:
> _ uptake
> Increase root _
> Unicellular, grow at _
4. E trichomes:
> Protection from _ through production of specialised chemicals: _ barrier, reducing (2)
5. Single cells:
> Specialised cells in reproductive organs attract _
> Pigmented cells A _ production
> Cone structured F that enhance (2) capture

A
  1. unspecialised
  2. > regulation
    env
  3. > nutrient
    surface area
    tip
  4. > predators
    physical
    transpiration + UV light
  5. > pollinators
    scent
    Light + heat
17
Q

Processes of development:
1. _ cell division:
> Plant cells cant _ relative to one another
> e.g. formation of stomatal _ cells
2. Position effects:
> Differences in _ to chemical signals or physical influences associated with cell position
3. Stomatal formation involves _ signal molecules

A 
1. > unequal 
> move 
> guard 
2. exposure
3. peptide
18
Q

Arabidopsis mutants show stomatal distribution is under genetic control:
1. Wild type:
Stomata separated by at least 1 cell to enhance efficiency of _ diffusion
2. Mutants:
> Tmm (too many mouths) many stomata in _ with each other
> Sdd1 (stomatal density & distribution 1) _ stomata

A
  1. gaseous
  2. > direct contact
    excess
19
Q

Fully grown plants move to: (2)

A
  1. flowering or senescence

BIO2004 Plant biology II (2 decks)

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