L2: Obesity Flashcards
What is obesity and imbalance between?
Energy intake and Energy expenditure
What does the world health organisation describe obesity as?
“excessive body fat which has accumulated to the point in which health is negatively impacted”
What is the classification of obesity?
> 30kg/m2
Why is BMI universally used as a measure of obesity?
- Generally correlates to high adiposity levels (exceptions of high muscle)
- Easy to measure using height and weight
- Can be measured anywhere
How is child obesity measured?
BMI is calculated but then is converted into a z-score and
Standardised growth charts for both girls and boys
What are the negatives of using BMI?
- Doesn’t take into account adipose location
- Doesn’t differentiate between metabolically health muscle and fat
- Cut off points can vary depending on ethnicity
How many calories are responsible for a net gain of 2lb of weight annually? (reference?)
100kcal per day (Hill et al, 2003)
According to the most recent Health survey of England what is the prevalence of obesity in women and men in the uk? and what about overweight/obesity prevalence in children?
29% in women and 23% in men
29% of children are overweight or obese.
Why is it a big concern for children to be overweight/obese?
- Children who are overweight are more likely to be overweight as an adult.
- Those who are physically inactive as a child are more likely to be inactive as an adult
- Susceptible to the associated health risks from being obese/overweight.
Obesity is ranked where globally and the UK, in terms of a risk factor for Disability adjusted life-years (DALYs)
4th globally and 3rd in the UK
What is the relationship between obesity and diabetes ?
- Obesity is the strongest modifiable predictor of diabetes
- 70% of diabetes cases can be attributable to obesity
What is the relationship between obesity and CVD?
- 81% increase risk of cardiovascular disease if obese (Bogars et al, 2007)
What is the relationship between obesity and Cancer?
- 14 - 20% of cancers is attributable to obesity (American institute of cancer)
- Endometrium (49%) followed by oesophageal (35%) cancer is attributable to obesity
How can obesity cause Gastrointestinal Reflux Disease?
Increased abdominal causes increased intra-abdominal pressure on the diaphragm. This forces the stomach muscle sphincter open causes a hiatal hernia, allowing acid to reflux up the oesophagus.
What can later develop from GERD?
Erosive oesophageal Oesophageal carcinoma (Hampel et al, 2005)
