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Repro > L2. Neuro-endocrinology and Reproductive Endocrinology > Flashcards

L2. Neuro-endocrinology and Reproductive Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

How many grams of hormone-producing tissue are there in the body?

A

Only about 100 g

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2
Q

What is an example of a purely endocrine organ?

A

The pituitary gland

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3
Q

What are 2 examples of partial endocrine glands?

A

The pancreas and the gonads

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4
Q

What are some examples of marginally endocrine glands? (2)

A

Adipose tissues making leptin (satiety hormone)

Enteroendocrine: G cells making gastrin, duodenum making CCK

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5
Q

What are the three broad types of hormone and how are they sorted?

A

Sorted by chemical composition and solubility

  1. Amino acid derivatives (includes both catecholamines and thyroid hormones)
  2. Peptide derivatives
  3. Lipid derivatives
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6
Q

What are the three forms of endocrine regulation?

A
  1. Hormonal
  2. Neural
  3. Humoral
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7
Q

Which type of hormone has the shortest half-life?

A
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8
Q

What are the 3 modes of hormone action?

A
  1. Endocrine - acts far away
  2. Paracrine - acts locally
  3. Autocrine - acts on itself
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9
Q

There are two types of hormone recognition, what are they, which is faster, and why?

A

Indirect is much faster, the cascade of messengers causes there to be amplification/potentiation between levels due to signal transduction (converting one type of signal to another) resulting in a very fast and powerful response.
Direct works slower, as it binds directly to genes and causes a response - which prevents it from working elsewhere, etc.

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10
Q

What are four factors that affect how effective a hormone will be at a target cell?

A
  1. Receptor affinity to hormone
  2. Number of receptors
  3. Hormone (ligand) concentration - needs to be at a physiological level to achieve response
  4. Receptor up and down-regulation (also known as sensitisation/desensitisation; linked to the number of receptors)
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11
Q

What is an example of an antagonistic hormone pair?

A

Glucagon and insulin (with the exception of a high protein meal, when these hormones will be synergistic)

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12
Q

What is an example of a synergistic hormone pair?

A

Glucagon and adrenaline, one enhances the other by changing the receptor action

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13
Q

What is an example of a permissive hormone pair?

A

Thyroid hormone being necessary for steroid hormones to trigger the development certain parts of the reproductive system

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14
Q

How can you terminate a hormonal signal? (3)

A
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15
Q

What are the three parts of the hypothalamus-pituitary axis? (Hint: two of the three are listed in the name)

A

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

Infundibulum

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16
Q

Oxytocin and ADH are made by what specific nuclei in the hypothalamus? (2)

A

Paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei

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17
Q

What is the name of the neural component of the hypothalamus-pituitary axis?

A

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

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18
Q

Is the neural part of the pituitary gland anterior or posterior?

A

Posterior - neural section is closer to the brain. Duh

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19
Q
A

Paraventricular nucleus (produces oxytocin)

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20
Q
A

Supraoptic nucleus (produces ADH)

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21
Q

What is the name of the hypothalamus-adenohypophyseal connection of the hypothalamus-pituitary axis?

A

Hypothalamohypohyseal portal system

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22
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system comprised of?

A
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23
Q

What are the three nuclei of the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system?

A

If you’re going through a portal, don’t forget to take a MAP

Medial pre-optic

Arcuate

Paraventricular

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24
Q

The pituitary gland is located below the ______ in the ______ ______ of the _____ bone

A

The pituitary gland is located below the hypothalamus in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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25
Q

The pituitary gland secretes at least ____ different hormones

A

Nine

26
Q

The anterior part of the pituitary gland, the adenohypophysis, is derived from an _________ of the _______ _______ towards the brain; it is specifically called?

A

The anterior part of the pituitary gland, the adenohypophysis, is derived from an evagination of the oropharynx ectoderm towards the brain; it is specifically called Rathke’s pouch

27
Q

What is Rathke’s pouch?

A

The specific name for the evagination of the oropharynx ectoderm that will ultimately form the adenohypophysis

28
Q

What specific parts of the adenohypophysis will be formed by Rathke’s Pouch? (3)

A
  1. Pars distalis
  2. Pars intermedia
  3. Pars tuberalis
29
Q

What is the posterior part of the pituitary, the neurohypophysis, derived from?

A

A down growth of the neuroectoderm of the brain floor

30
Q

What specific parts of the pituitary gland does the neurohypophysis make up? (2)

A

The infundibulum and the pars nervosa

31
Q
A
32
Q

Somatotropes and lactotropes are both examples of?

A

Acidophilic endocrine cells

33
Q

What are two examples of acidophilic endocrine cells?

A

Somatotropes and lactotropes

34
Q

Corticotropes and gonadotropes are both examples of?

A

Basophilic endocrine cells

35
Q

What are two examples of basophilic endocrine cells?

A

Corticotropes and gonadotropes

36
Q

What are chromophobes?

A

Chromophobes are pituitary cells that by light microscopy lack stainable cytoplasmic secretory granules, and represent degranulated chromophils, inactive reserve cells, and/or undifferentiated stem cells.

37
Q

What does the pars nervosa do?

A

Stores and secretes (but does not produce) the two neurohormones, oxytocin and ADH

38
Q

Why isn’t the pars nervosa a true endocrine gland?

A

Does not produce the neurohormones, only stores and secretes them

39
Q

Oxytocin is made by? (Specific nucleus)

A

Hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei

40
Q

In addition to being secreted by the paraventricular nuclei, oxytocin is also secreted by? (2)

A

Uterus and fetus

41
Q

Oxytocin acts on? (4)

A

Uterine smooth muscle, breast, vas deferens, and prostate

42
Q

Oxytocin is controlled by?

A

Neuroendocrine reflex (positive feedback loop)

43
Q

ADH is secreted by? (specific nuclei)

A

Hypothalamic supraoptic nuclei

44
Q

What is the role of AHD?

A

Increase reabsorption of water in the distal renal tubules

45
Q

Where is oxytocin made? (Specific nuclei)
What other locations, aside from the neurohypophysis, secrete it?
What tissues does it act on?
How is it controlled?

A
46
Q
A
47
Q

What is another name for ADH?

A

Vasopressin

48
Q

What is another name for vasopressin?

A

ADH

49
Q
A

Neurosecretery (Herring) bodies
Site of the release of oxytocin or ADH upon neural stimulation

50
Q
A

Pituicytes
Supporting glial cells in the neurohypophysis, the most numerous cells present

51
Q

Name the three layers of the adrenal cortex and the type of hormones they produce/excrete.
Name from superficial to deep

A
52
Q

From the ___ week of development, foetal testis secrete testosterone under the influence of?

A

From the 5th week of development, foetal testis secrete testosterone under the influence of human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

53
Q

How does testosterone affect the development of the foetal CNS?

A

It programs the hypothalamic centres for GnRH secretion

54
Q

What is KISS 1?

A

Kisspeptin 1

54 AA neuropeptide transmitter made in the infundibular nuclei, and rostral preoptic areas of the hypothalamus, in humans.

Controls the release of GnRH

55
Q

Using FSH as an example, briefly describe the 5 steps of a G-protein associated second messenger system

A
56
Q

Somatotrophs release what hormones?

A
57
Q

Thyrotrophs release what hormones?

A
58
Q

Corticotrophs release what hormones?

A
59
Q

Lactotrophs release what hormones?

A
60
Q

Gonadotrophs release what hormones?

A
61
Q

Where does prolactin act upon? What is it regulated by?

A
62
Q

What hormones influence ACTH levels?

A

Repro (5 decks)

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