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Repro > L1 - Anatomy, Histology, and Development > Flashcards

L1 - Anatomy, Histology, and Development Flashcards

1
Q

At what month of development do the testes begin to descend into the scrotum?
Via what do they descend?

A

7th month

via inguinal canal

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2
Q

The testes develop from what specific part of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

The gonadal/genital ridges (retroperitoneal structures)

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3
Q

What is cryptorchidism?
How often does it occur?

A

A failure of one or more testes to descend into the scrotum from the abdomen.

Occurs in 2-5% of newborn males

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4
Q

What is the correct term for a failure of one or more testes to descend into the scrotum?

A

Cryptorchidism (Occurs in 2-5% of newborn males)

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5
Q
A
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6
Q
A

Rete testis - network/plexus of tubules linking seminiferous tubules (via straight tubules) to efferent ductules

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7
Q

What is the approximate temperature in the testicles?

A

~32-35 degrees Celcius

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8
Q

What is the rete testis?

A

A plexus or network of tubules linking the seminiferous tubules to efferent ductules (carry sperm)

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9
Q

Describe the avascular component of the seminiferous tubules (4)

A
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10
Q

Describe the interstitial compartment of the seminiferous tubules

A
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11
Q

Leydig (interstitial) cells, make up what % of adult testis mass?

A

20%

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12
Q

What are the general functions of the epididymis? (5)

A

Sperm maturation

Decapacotation (killing off the mutants/when those balls be full)
Motility
Transport
Storage

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13
Q

Describe the macro appearance of the epididymis

A

3-4 cm long, comma-shaped, with a head, body, and tail

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14
Q

How long is the epididymis tubule?

A

5 m

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15
Q

What connects the seminiferous tubules to the efferent ductules in the head of the epididymis?

A

The rete testis

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16
Q
A

Spermatic cord

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17
Q
A

Ductus/vas deferens

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18
Q
A

Efferent duct

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19
Q
A

Rete testis

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20
Q
A

Ductus epididymis

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21
Q
A

Straight tubule

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

If the immature sperm are moving rapidly, how long does it take them to move through the epididymis and achieve maturation?

A

2-4 days

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24
Q

The poorly developed tail of the epididymis contains the _____, which is continuous with _______

A

Ductus epididymis, which is continuous with the ductus deferens

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25
Q

What is the general histology of the epididymis?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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26
Q

Principal cells in the epididymis have what roles and features? (4)

A

Non-motile stereocilia (microvilli)

Absorb excess fluid

Phagocytose degenerating sperm

Secrete chemicals for sperm maturation

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27
Q

What are basal cells in regards to the epididymis?

A

Small, round, stem cells that can create principal cells

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28
Q
A
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29
Q

How are spermatozoa transported from the testis towards the ductus deferens?

A

Peristalsis (smooth muscle cells)

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30
Q

What is the main role of the epididymis tail?

A

Mainly for absorption, secretion, and modification of tubular fluid - the stuff the spermy bois are suspended in.

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31
Q

The ductus deferens passes through what larger structure to reach the ampulla?

A

The ol’ inguinal canal

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32
Q

What histological tissue type is the ductus deferens?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia

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33
Q

Why does the ductus deferens have thick circular and longitudinal muscularis layers?

A

Sperm is transported by peristalsis during ‘rest’ and by muscle contraction during the ol’ ejaculation.

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34
Q
A

Ejaculatory duct
Formed by the union of the ampulla of the ductus deferens and by ducts from the seminal vesicles

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35
Q

What does the ejaculatory duct join?

A

The prostatic urethra

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36
Q

What type of histology does the ejaculatory duct have?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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37
Q

State the various subclassifications of the urethra as it exits the urinary bladder and terminates in the penis. Also, include average lengths

A

Starts as urinary duct at the base of the bladder, embedded in prostate tissue

Prostatic urethra (2-3 cm)

Membranous urethra (1 cm)

Penile urethra (15-20 cm)

Total length: 18 - 23 cm

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38
Q

What type of epithelium does the urethra have and why?

A

Transitional epithelium - allows maximum extension, if you know what I mean

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39
Q

Where are the seminal vesicles located?

A

Posterior to the bladder, lateral to the ampulla of the ductus deferens

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40
Q

What type of epithelium do the seminal vesicles have?

A

Pseudostratified, non-ciliated, columnar epithelium

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41
Q

Why do the seminal vesicles have well-developed rER?

A

For protein synthesis and subsequent secretion

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42
Q

What % of semen volume is provided by the seminal vesicles?

A

60%

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43
Q

Describe the semen volume provided by the seminal vesicles and what its general properties are (7)

A

Whitish yellow, viscous fluid

Alkaline to neutralise vaginal acidity

Fructose and other simple sugars (for energy for the spermy bois)

Amino acids

Prostaglandins

Fibrinogen

Ascorbic acid

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44
Q
A
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45
Q

What is the bulbourethral gland?

What does it do?

A

Paired, pea-sized glands within the urogenital diaphragm.

Secretes thick, clear, alkaline mucus into the urethra to neutralise traces of acidic urine in the urethra.

Also has glycoproteins in mucus (pre-seminal fluid) for lubrication

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46
Q

Approximately how many prostatic ducts open into the urethra?

A

~20-30

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47
Q

What type of epithelium does the bulbourethral gland have?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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48
Q

What is the specific name for the glands in the bulbourethral glands?

A

Tubuloalveolar glands

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49
Q

What type of epithelia does the prostate gland have?

A

Simple columnar/cuboidal/squamous/psuedostratified epithelia

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50
Q

What % of semen volume does the prostate gland contribute?
Describe its contribution

A

30%
Milky, alkaline fluid

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51
Q

What important contributions to semen composition does the prostate gland make? (4)

A

Clotting enzymes

Prostate acid phosphatase (PAP)

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) - a diagnostic marker for prostate disease

Citric acid (also a diagnostic marker)

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52
Q

What are the 3 zones of the prostate?

A
  1. Peripheral zone
  2. Central zone
  3. Transitional zone
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53
Q

Describe the peripheral zone of the prostate gland (3)

A

70% of glandular tissue here

Most susceptible to prostate carcinoma and inflammation

Palpable during a rectal exam

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54
Q

Describe the central zone of the prostate (2)

A

25% of the glandular tissue of the prostate here

Resistant to disease

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55
Q

Describe the transitional zone of the prostate

A

Innermost zone surrounding the urethra

Site of prostate benign hyperplasia (PBH)

Nodular growth compresses urethra (dysurea)

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56
Q

Which zone of the prostate surrounds the urethra?

A

The innermost zone

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57
Q
A

Bulb of penis

58
Q
A

Crus of penis

59
Q
A

Glans of penis

60
Q
A

Shaft of penis

61
Q

State the three erectile tissue masses and where they start out

A

Dorsolateral pair known as corpora cavernosa which originate from the crura, as well as a ventral corpus spongiosum which starts at the bulb of the penis and ends as the glans

62
Q

The glans penis (enlarged distal end of corpus spongiosum) is covered with?

A

Prepuce/foreskin

63
Q
A

Superficial (subcutaneous) dorsal vein

64
Q
A

Corpora cavernosa

65
Q
A

Corpus spongiosum

66
Q
A

Spongy/penile urethra

67
Q

What two named muscles are in the scrotum?

A
  1. Dartos (smooth) muscle
  2. Cremaster (skeletal) muscle - deep anchored in spermatic cord. Contraction raises testes when cold and during ejaculation, relaxation lowers testes when hot
68
Q

What is the role of the scrotum?

A

Protection and thermoregulation by pampiniform venous plexus

69
Q
A

Dartos muscle

70
Q
A

Pampiniform venous plexus

71
Q
A

Bulbospongiosus

72
Q
A

Ischiocavernosus

73
Q

What muscle encloses the bulb of the penis/base of corpus spongiosum?

A

Bulbospongiosus

74
Q

What muscle encloses the crura of the penis/ends of corpora cavernosa?

A

Ischiocavernosus

75
Q

The bulbospongiosus muscle encloses?

A

The bulb of the penis/base of corpus spongiosum

76
Q

The ischiocavernosus encloses?

A

The crura of the penis/ends of corpora cavernosa

77
Q

Gubernaculum is a more specific name for?

A

The round ligament

79
Q

What are the three subsections of the broad ligament?

80
Q

The suspensory ligament of the ovaries links the ovaries to what structure?

A

Ovaries to pelvic wall

81
Q

What does the ovarian ligament link the ovaries to?

A

Ovaries to uterus

82
Q

What ligament links the uterus to the sacrum?

A

Uterosacral ligament

83
Q

In women, what does the round ligament connect?

A

Uterus to labia majora

Called gubernaculum in fetal life

84
Q

How does the parietal peritoneum form both the vesicouterine pouch and the rectouterine pouch?

86
Q

Which part of the ovary contains the follicles enclosing the oocytes (gametes)?

A

The ovarian cortex

87
Q

How is blood supplied to the ovaries?

A

Ovarian arteries and veins travel within suspensory ligaments and mesovarium; entering/exiting at the ovarian hilum

88
Q

Where do the ovaries lie?

89
Q

What are the boundaries of the ovarian fossa?

90
Q

The ovarian ligament is continuous with what ligament anteriorly?

A

The round ligament of the uterus

91
Q

Which two ligaments in females are remnants of the gubernaculum?

A

Round ligament and ovarian ligament

92
Q

What type of epithelium is present on the surface of the ovary?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

93
Q

The cortex of the ovary (stroma) contains? (5)

94
Q

The medulla of the ovary contains? (2)

97
Q

Uterine/Fallopian tubes are 10 - 13 cm tubes comprising of what 4 sections?

98
Q
A

Infundibulum of the uterine tube (this section includes fimbriae)

99
Q
A

Ampulla of uterine tube/oviduct

Site of fertilisation and early embryonic development

100
Q
A

Isthmus of uterine tube

Narrow and thick walled

101
Q
A

Like the pic says, it’s the uterine part of the uterine tube.
Short and intramural (within the uterine wall)

102
Q

Describe the role and appearance of the infundibulum of the uterine tube

103
Q

Describe the shape and anatomical regional relationships of the uterus

104
Q

Describe the histology of the uterus

105
Q

Describe the ligaments associated with the uterus, including their subsections

106
Q

Describe the size and orientation of the uterus

107
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus? Name from most superficial to deepest

A
  1. Perimetrium
  2. Myometrium
  3. Endometrium
108
Q

Describe the endometrial layer of the uterus

A

Mucosal layer
Histology - simple columnar epithelium

Thick glandular lamina propria:
Stratum functionalis - top 2/3 which undergoes cyclic changes

Stratum basalis - lower 1/3, germ cell layer

109
Q

Describe the myometrium layer of the uterus

A

3 layers of smooth muscle (inner and outer longitudinal, middle thick vascular (stratum vasculare)

110
Q

Describe the perimetrium layer of the uterus

A

Serous, visceral peritoneum covering the surface of the uterus

111
Q
A

Stratum functionalis; can see spiral arteries, etc

112
Q
A

Stratum basalis of uterus

113
Q
A

Part of the myometrium of the uterus

115
Q

Describe the blood supply of the various sections of the uterus

116
Q

The cervix is located near the neck of _____, it is a narrow canal (1.25 cm wide) with ______ and ______ ___ (opening)

A

The cervix is located near the neck of uterus, it is a narrow canal (1.25 cm wide) with internal and external os (opening)

117
Q

What is the histology of the endocervix?

A

Glandular simple columnar epithelium - continuous with uterine epithelium

118
Q

Describe the histology of the ectocervix

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

119
Q

Why would the endocervix have simple columnar epithelium, while the ectocervix has stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium of the ectocervix implies resistance to abrasive forces, such as during the bow-chicka-bow-wow, which suits its position as the more external of the two.

In contrast, the endocervix has simple columnar epithelium, which serves its glandular role well.

120
Q

Oestrogen induces what in cervical mucous?

Progesterone induces what in cervical mucous?

A

Oestrogen induces thinning (easier for swimy bois to get through), as well as a 10-fold increase in mucous volume at ovulation time.

Progesterone induces thickening during luteal phase, making it harder for microorganisms to contaminate the environment

122
Q

What is the transformation zone of the cervix?

A

A transitional zone between ectocervical (stratified squamous) and endocervical (simple columnar) epithelia

123
Q

During reproductive age, the transformation zone of the cervix is located?

Outside the reproductive age?

A

During reproductive age = outside the external os

Postmenopausal and prepubertal age = within cervical canal

124
Q

_______ changes in the transformation zone of the cervix indicate ________

For this reason, _______ smears of exfoliated cells are used for screening ______

A

Metaplastic changes in the transformation zone of the cervix indicate precancerous lesions

For this reason, Papanicolaou (Pap) smears of exfoliated cells are used for screening cancerous lesions of cervix

125
Q
A

Transformation zone in the cervix

126
Q

What is the vaginal fornix?

127
Q

What four muscles compress the vagina and act as sphincters?

128
Q

It’s important to note that the vagina has _____ _____ epithelium, and an absence of ______. Therefore, all _____ is done by the ______

A

It’s important to note that the vagina has stratified squamous epithelium, and an absence of glands. Therefore, all lubrication is done by the cervix

129
Q

What is the purpose of the transverse rugae?

A

Stimulate dat penis

130
Q

Describe the various histological properties of the vaginal layers

131
Q

Describe the anatomical relations to the vagina

132
Q

What is the histology of the female urethra?

A

Upper part is transitional epithelium

Lower is stratified squamous epithelium

133
Q

What structures in the female urethra are homologous to the male prostate gland?

A

Urethral glands and paraurethral glands

135
Q

What is the vulva/pudendum?

A

Female external genitalia

136
Q

What structures are within the female urogenital triangle?

137
Q

What is the mons pubis?

138
Q

Describe the features and role of the labia majora

139
Q

Describe the features and role of the labia minora

141
Q

Describe the role and features of the vestibule of the vagina

142
Q

Describe the role and features of the clitoris

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