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SPECIAL TOPICS > L2 - Introduction to Virology > Flashcards

L2 - Introduction to Virology Flashcards

1
Q

a vital branch of microbiology that
focuses on the study of viruses and virus-like
agents, including their structure, classification,
evolution, and the ways they infect and exploit
host organisms for replication.

A

Virology

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2
Q

a microscopic, infectious microbe that
contains nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and is
surrounded by a _________ ______

A

Virus, Protein coat

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3
Q

Viruses are not living organisms in the ___________
sense, but they are not necessarily non-living
either.

A

traditional

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4
Q

Characteristic of a Virus

A
  • Acellular structure
  • Obligate Intracellular Parasites
  • Simple Composition
  • Genome Variability
  • Lack of Metabolism
  • Host Specificity
  • Mutation and Evolution
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5
Q

Anatomy of A Virus

A
  • Envelope protein
  • Envelope
  • Viral Genome
  • Nucleocapsid
  • Viral tegument
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6
Q

Classification of Virus based on Capsid Structure

A
  • Icosahedral Viruses
  • Helical viruses
  • Complex viruses
  • Enveloped viruses
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7
Q

These have a spherical
appearance with 20 triangular
faces.

A

Icosahedral viruses

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8
Q

Examples of Icosahedral viruses

A
  • Adenoviruses
  • Polioviruses
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9
Q

Cause respiratory infections

A

Adenoviruses

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10
Q

Causes poliomyelitis

A

Polioviruses

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11
Q

These have rod-shaped or
filamentous structures with the
genome coiled inside a helical
capsid.

A

Helical viruses

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12
Q

Examples of helical viruses

A
  • Tobacco mosaic virus
  • Influenza
  • Rabies
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13
Q

Part of rabies virus

A
  • Glycoprotein
  • Lipid envelope
  • Matrix protein
  • Ribonucleoprotein
  • RNA
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14
Q

These have irregular shapes,
often combining icosahedral and
helical
features,
additional structures.

A

Complex viruses

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15
Q

Examples of Complex viruses

A
  • Bacteriophages
  • Poxviruses
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16
Q

Parts of a complex virus

A

Head: DNA, Capsid
Collar
Tail: Tail sheath, Tail fibre, spikes

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17
Q

These viruses possess a lipid
envelope surrounding their
capsid.

A

Enveloped viruses

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18
Q

The envelope is derived from the
______________________

A

host cell membrane

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19
Q

Examples of enveloped viruses

A
  • HIV
  • Herpes simplex virus
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20
Q

Causes cold sores

A

Herpes simplex virus

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21
Q

Baltimore Classification of Virus

A

Group I - VI

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22
Q

Double-stranded DNA viruses

A

Group I

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23
Q

Their mRNA is produced by
transcription in much the same way as with
cellular DNA

24
Q

Examples of Group I viruses

A

Herpesviridae, Adenoviridae, Poxviridae, Papoviridae

25
Parts of herpes virus
Glycoproteins, Envelope, dsDNA, Capsid, Tegument
26
viruses have single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) as their genome.
Group II
27
They convert their single-stranded genomes into a dsDNA intermediate (replicative intermediates) before transcription to mRNA can occur.
Group II
28
Examples of group II
Anelloviridae, Circoviridae, PArvoviridae
29
viruses use dsRNA as their genome.
Group III
30
The strands separate, and one of them is used as a template for the generation of mRNA using the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase encoded by the virus.
Group III
31
Examples of Group III
Rheoviridae, Birnaviridae
32
Positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses
Group IV
33
viruses have ssRNA as their genome with a positive polarity. Positive polarity means that the genomic RNAcan serve directly as mRNA.
Group VI
34
Coronaviridae is an example of
Group IV
35
Negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses
Group V
36
viruses have ssRNA as their genome with a positive polarity. Positive polarity means that the genomic RNAcan serve directly as mRNA.
Group V
37
Paramyxoviridae causes
Measles, Human metapneumovirus
38
RNA reverse-transcribing viruses
Group VI
39
Viruses have diploid (two copies) ssRNA genomes that must be converted, using the enzyme reverse transcriptase, to dsDNA; the dsDNA is then transported to the nucleus of the host cell and inserted into the host genome. Then, mRNA can be produced by transcription of the viral DNA that was integrated into the host genome.
Group VI
40
DNA reverse-transcribing viruses
Group VII
41
viruses have partial dsDNA genomes and make ssRNA intermediates that act as mRNA, but are also converted back into dsDNA genomes by reverse transcriptase, necessary for genome replication.
Group VII
42
involves the viral replication that leads to the destruction (lysis) of the host cell. It is a more immediate and aggressive form of viral replication
Lytic cycle
43
Steps of Lytic cycle
- Attachment - Penetration - Uncoating - Biosynthesis - Assembly - Release
44
It does not immediately destroy the host cell
The Lysogenic cycle
45
the viral genome integrates into the host cell’s DNA and remains dormant for a period, allowing the virus to replicate passively as the host cell divides.
Lysogenic cycle
46
allows viruses to remain undetected for extended periods, and it can be advantageous for the virus, as it can persist in a population without killing the host immediately
Lysogenic cycle
47
Process of lysogenic cycle
- Adsorption - Penetration - Integration - Replication - Induction - Synthesis - Assembly - Release
48
Examples of viruses under lytic cycle
T4 Bacteriophage, Influenza virus, Herpes Simplex Virus
49
Examples of Lysogenic cycle
Lambda phage, HIV, Herpes Simplex Virus, Varicella Zoster Virus
50
Viruses attach to specific receptors on the host cell surface
Receptor binding
51
Where does HIV binds toi
CD4 receptors on T-cells
52
Enveloped viruses fused their lipid enevelope with the host membrane
Membrane fusion
53
Non-enveloped viruses enter cells by tricking them into engulfing the virus
Endocytosis
54
Retroviruses, like HIV, integrate their genome into the host DNA for replication
Genome Integration
55
Viruses can evade immune responses by antigenic variation, hiding in immune-privileged sites, or producing proteins that inhibit immune signaling
Immune evasion

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