L2 & CHP 2: Chemistry Flashcards
Define Homestasis.
The bodies tendency to balance and maintains its conditions
What a bodies “Setpoint”?
physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates
What is negative feedback?
mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point
What is positive feedback?
intensifies a change in the bodies physiological condition rather than reversing it
What is an element?
pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler components
What is a compound?
substances composed of two or more elements joined by chemical bonds
What is atomic #?
of protons in the nucleus
What is the mass #?
sum of the # of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
What is an isotope?
a different form of an element, distinguished by different # of neutrons
What is a heavy isotope?
an isotope that contains more than the usual # of neutrons
What is a radioactive isotope?
isotope whos nucleus readily decays
What is the behavior of electrons?
constantly reacting w/ other atoms to form or break down complex substances
What is the valence shell?
an atoms outermost electron shell
What is the octet rule?
an atom will give, gain, or share electrons w/ another atom so it ends up w/ 8 electrons in valence shell
What is a chemical bond?
a weak or strong electrical attraction that holds atoms in the same vicinity
What is a molecule?
more or less stable grouping of 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
What is an Ionic bond?
between cations and anions
What is a covalent bond?
strong bonds that share electrons
What is a polar covalent bond?
unequal sharing of electrons
What are hydrogen bonds?
weak partial + and - attraction
About what percentage are cells made of H2O
~70%
About what percentage is the human body made of H2O?
~50-60%
What does the prefix “hydro” mean?
Water
What does the suffix “-philic” mean?
Liking/loving/prefered
What does the suffix “-phobic” mean?
fear; repulsion; avoiding
What does hydrophilic mean?
Water loving / dissolvable in water
What does hydrophobic mean?
water fearing / does not easily dissolve in water
Define Polarity
electrical “charge” in chemicals
Chemicals w/ high polarity tend to be ______.
hydrophilic
Chemicals w/ little-no polarity tend to be ________.
hydrophobic
What is a solvent?
substances used to dissolve other chemicals
What is a solute?
What is being dissolved in the solvent
What is the primary solvent of the human body?
H2O
Define pH
a scale used to measure proton concentration
How is pH determined?
Involves logarithims
What is the log of pH?
pH= -loh,10 [H+]
What is an acid?
Substances that dissolves in H2O and dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions
What is a base?
substance that removes hydrogen ions
What is a basic (alkaline) solution?
solution w/ pH of 8-14
What is a neutral solution?
pH of 7
What is an acidic solution?
pH of 0-6
What is a reactant?
reactants—the elements involved and the number of atoms of each—
What is a product?
one ore more substances produced by a chemical reaction
what is metabolism?
sum of all chemical reactions occurring in your body
What are the different types of chemical reactions?
decomposition reaction / catabolism
synthesis react / anabolism
exchange reaction
reversible reaction
What does a synthesis reaction / anabolism involve?
results in synthesis/joining or components that were formerly seperated
A + B —> AB
What is a decomposition reaction / catabolism?
breaks down or “decomposes” something larger into its smaller parts
AB —-> A + B
What is an exchange reaction?
both synthesis and decomposition occur
A+BC —> AB + C
or
AB + CD —> AC + BD
What is a reversible reaction?
a reaction that goes in either direction depending on conditions
A + B <—-> AB
What are anabolic reactions?
building reactions that consume energy
What is a catabolic reaction?
break materials down and release energy
What are enzymes?
Catalysts
What are catalysts? What do catalysts do?
substance that increases the rate of chemical change w/o itself undergoing change
- “help” chemical reactions
Most enzymes are ______.
proteins
What are biological macromules?
carbs
lipids (fats)
proteins
nucleic acids
What is a mono saccharide?
mono - 1
ex: glucose, fructose
What is a disaccharide?
“di” - two
ex: sucrose, maltose, lactose
what is a polysaccharide?
poly - many
ex: glycogen, starch, cellulose
What is a polymer?
substance containing very large molecules called macromules
What is a lipid? Are lipids mainly hydrophobid or philic?
compounds made of hydrocarbons
Lipids are hydrophobic
What is an example of a lipid?
fat, oil, wax
What are fatty acids? Are they mostly hydrophobic or philic?
long chains of hydrogen and carbon ending w/ a carbodyl group
mostly hydrophobic
What is a glyceride?
fat storage molecules made from glycerol reacting w/ fatty acids
What is a triglyceride?
lipid found in blood
What does amipathic mean?
having both philic and phobic properties
