Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHAR300 > L19 Vitamins > Flashcards

L19 Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What are vitamins

A

micronutrients required for normal function
derived from diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

TF: All lipid-soluble vitamins are organic compounds

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some lipid-soluble vitamins

A

A, E, D, K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

TF: Large amounts of vitamin are required for healthy function

A

False, only small amounts are required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

TF: Vitamins are a source of energy

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

TF: Food preparation can decrease the amount of vitamins available for absoprtion

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some factors that affect the absorbability of vitamins?

A

Source (plant vs animal)
Sunlight (D)
Moisture
Growing conditions of plant
Plant maturity at harvest
Packaging & storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

TF: Calcium is important for Vitamin D absorption

A

False, other way around

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which vitamin requires sunlight for absorption

A

D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is flour fortified with

A

niacin and folate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some reasons for vitamin deficiency

A

Food processing, storage, diet, drug interactions, disease, physiological state

genetics: lack of certain enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the closest we’ve gotten to personalized medicine

A

identifying needs in individuals for vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a provitamin? example?

A

an inactive form of a vitamin that the body needs to activate

e.g. beta-carotene which is cleaved half to form two molecules of vitamin A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 2 major subcategories of vitamins?

A

water-soluble and lipid-soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which system circulates vitamins

A

lymphatic system (which then deposits vitamins into the circulatory system/blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why are fat-soluble vitamins possibly dangerous (unlike water-soluble vitamins)

A

they can accumulate in the body which can cause severe toxic effects

water-soluble vitamins do not build up as they can be peed out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

TF: water-soluble vitamins enter the lymphocyte before entering circulation

A

False, they enter the bloodstream directly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In which part of the GIT are vitamins solubilized

A

duodenum (first part of SI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how are lipid-soluble vitamins transported throughout the body

A

in micelles and chylomicrons (enterocyte and beyond)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What catalyzed the release of fat-soluble vitamins from their esters?

A

pancreatic esterase (in presence of bile salts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

At high doses, vitamins _ and _ can be absorbed directly from water-miscible emulsions

A

A and E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What kinds of diseases can cause decreased absorption of fat-soluble vitamines

A

intestinal, biliary, pancreatic diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is Vitamin A important for? (6)

A
  1. night and day vision (becomes part of the retina)
  2. immune function (leukocyte production)
  3. cell proliferation and differentiation (regulates enzyme production, blood carrier proteins, structural proteins)
  4. skin (epithelial cells)
  5. reproduction (maintains fertility, allows for sperm production, embryo development)
  6. bones (osteoclast increase)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Vitamin A is a precursor for _

A

rhodopsin, photopigment found in rods of the retina which help for night vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The lack of which vitamin can cause night blindness

A

A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Our ability to see is dependent on what?

A

rod and cone photoreceptors in the posterior aspect of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

By what ratio do cone outnumber rod photoreceptors?

A

Trick question, rods outnumber cones by 20:1 ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How many layers of the retina must light pass through

A

10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

which photoreceptor is used for day vision?

A

cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

photoreceptors are composed of…

A

nucleus and outer segment composed of discs that contain light-absorbing photopigments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Vitamin A deficiency can result in… (7)

A
  1. xerophthalmia (inability to see) - eye issues
  2. hyperkeratosis (keratin disease) - skin issues
  3. vulnerability to infection
  4. growth retardation
  5. Bone deformation
  6. Defective teeth
  7. Kidney stones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are symptoms of vitamin A deficiency (10)

A

fatigues, vomiting, abdominal pain, bone + joint pain, loss of appetite, skin disorders, headaches, blurred/double vision, liver damage, skin discoloration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

TF: vitamin A is a teratogen

A

True, can cause birth defects like cleft palate and heart abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

TF: acne treatments could possibly be a cause of excess vitamin A

A

true, retinoids and acutane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Too much vitamin A has been implicated in…(4)

A

increased risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women, lung cancer, cardiovascular mortality, total mortality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Vitamin D is activated in _ to make its active form _

A

liver and kidneys, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the functions of vitamin D

A
  1. bone health and production (D3 facilitates calcium absorption)
  2. protection against chronic diseases
  3. regulates insulin formation and secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

TF: overdose in vitamin D can help protect against certain cancers

A

False,

but effective in rodent models

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are some dietary sources for vitamin D

A

oily fish, egg yolk, animal liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

TF: vitamin D can be synthesized from the skin

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Vitamin D increases absorption of _ and _. It also stimulates _ by _

A

calcium, phosphorus

calcium retention by kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Vitamin D is excreted in _

A

bile, urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What happens when vitamin D reaches its target tissue

A

it binds to the nuclear vitamin D receptor, complex is then taken into the nucleus to dimerize with the retinoid X receptor (RxR), this then interacts with the VDR response element to alter gene expression

44
Q

What is vitamin D deficiency associated with

A

rickets (children): causes bowed legs
osteomalacia and osteoporosis (adults)

> soft bones

45
Q

What does vitamin D toxicity cause

A

hypercalcemia: causes kidney stones and psychiatric overtones (uncommon)

46
Q

TF: Vitamin D can decrease cancer progression and prevent cancer

A

False

47
Q

Which family of vitamin E is required by humans

A

alpha-tocopherol

48
Q

Which vitamins are mainly stored in body fat

A

A, D, E

(K is mainly stored in liver)

49
Q

What is the main function of vitamin E

A

antioxidant, protecting cell membranes from free radicals

potentially lowers to the risk of chronic diseases

  • defends cell membranes, lungs, DNA, heart (protects against lipid per oxidation), eye, liver, breast, muscle)

maintains beta-carotene (vitamin A provitamin) antioxidant activity

50
Q

What is the recommended amount of vitamin E for adults

A

15 mg / day

19 mg / day for breastfeeding women

51
Q

What are some dietary sources for vitamin E

A

nuts, seeds, vegetable oil, whole grains, wheat germ oil, fruit, vegetables, animal products

52
Q

TF: vegans are at risk of vitamin E deficiency

A

true, unless they replace them

53
Q

What disease can cause vitamin E deficiency

A

problems with fat absorption (intestinal, biliary, pancreatic), chronic gut diseases (Crohn’s), rare genetic disorder

54
Q

TF: Vitamin E toxicity is detrimental

A

False, but can interfere with blood clotting at very very high levels (rare)

55
Q

TF: oral consumption of Vitamin E is not safe when added in e-cigs

A

True, causes lung injury

56
Q

What is another name for vitamin K

A

phylloquinone

57
Q

TF: Vitamin K comes in 5 forms

A

False, only K1 and K2

58
Q

What are the main functions for vitamin K

A

bone health and blood clotting

59
Q

What is the dietary recommendation for vitamin K

A

120 mg/day (men)
90 mg/day (women)

60
Q

Which vitamin is necessary for the synthesis of thrombin from its precursor prothrombin (as well as other clotting factors)

A

K

61
Q

TF: Deficiency in vitamin K leads to excessive blood clotting

A

False, it causes excessive bleeding

Vitamin K is necessary for the synthesis of clotting factors)

62
Q

What is warfarin and with which vitamin does it interfere with

A

it is an anticoagulant drug that interferes with vitamin K

63
Q

What are some food sources for vitamin K

A

green veggies and plant oils

also produced in intestinal bacteria

64
Q

Why are some newborns at risk of vitamin K deficiency

A

lack of vitamin K in breastmilk (formula is fortified with vitamin K)

65
Q

What can vitamin K toxicity cause

A

interference with anticoagulant medications

66
Q

Which are the water-soluble vitamins? What are their functions

A

B (8) and C

B: coenzymes in energy metabolism
C: antioxidant and stabilizes vitamin E

67
Q

What are oxidants

A

reactive molecules that can react with protein, DNA, lipids and other cellular molecules

When doing so, these molecules are damaged (free radicals) and can cause disease and inflammation

68
Q

Describe vitamin B1

A

thiamin

part of the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) which helps glucose breakdown, makes RNA, DNA, and synthesize/regulate neurotransmitters

1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.5 (men, women, pregnant women, breastfeeding women)

69
Q

What are food sources for vitamin B1

A

pork, legumes, nuts, seeds, fish, seafood, grain products

cooking reduces availability

70
Q

What is Beriberi

A

vitamin B1 deficiency, characterized by profound muscle weakness and nerve destruction

headache, irritability, depression, loss of appetite

71
Q

Describe vitamin B2

A

riboflavin

coenzyme in energy metabolism and supports antioxidants

72
Q

Food sources for vitamin B2

A

milk, dairy, enriches grains, eggs

73
Q

Why are foods that are high in riboflavin stored in opaque containers?

A

riboflavin is broken down by light

74
Q

Which vitamin B must be stored in opaque containers

A

B2

75
Q

What is vitamin B2 deficiency called

A

ariboflavinosis, common in alcoholics

skin disorders, excess blood (hyperemia), edema of the mouth and throat, angular stomatitis (lesions at the corners and inside mouth), cheilosis (swollen, cracked lips), air loss, reproductive problems, sore throat, itchiness, redness

76
Q

What is vitamin B3 also known as? describe its function? what foods is it found in

A

niacin

coenzyme in energy metabolism and supports FA synthesis

enriched rains, meat, poultry, fish, nuts, peanuts

77
Q

What is pellagra

A

vitamin b3 deficiency condition

Four Ds: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death
severe deficiencies only ^

78
Q

Deficiencies in what vitamins can worsen pellagra symptoms

A

pellagra = vitamin B3 deficiency

worsened by deficiency in B1, B6, or iron

79
Q

High doses of which vitamin can treat high blood cholesterol?

A

B3 (niacin)

80
Q

Which amino acid is a precursor for niacin (B3)

A

tryptophan

81
Q

Toxicity in which vitamin B can cause skin flushing and liver damage?

A

B3

Vitamin A as well

82
Q

What is vitamin B6 also known as? describe its function. What foods is it found in?

A

pyridoxine

Part of PLP, coenzyme in protein and amino acid metabolism as well as gluconeogenesis

helps produce non-essential amino acids, neurotransmitters, hemoglobin

helps lower levels of homocysteine

meat, fish, poultry, potatoes, fortified meat substitutes, bananas, sunflower seeds (important in meat sources, thus absent in plant based diets)

83
Q

What is vitamin B6 deficiency characterized by

A

microcytic hypochromic anemia, heart disease (due to high homocysteine levels), damage to nervous system, depression, headaches, confusion, convulsion

84
Q

Vitamin B6 toxicity can result in…

A

(pyridoxine toxicity) subtle neurological damage, upset stomach, headache, sleepiness, tingling, prickling, burning sensation

85
Q

Describe folate, its function, and where it can be found in diet

A

vitamin B9

coenzyme in DNA synthesis, cell division, amino acid metabolism, normal RBC maturation

fortified cereals, enriched grains, green leafy vegetables, orange juice, sunflower seeds, legumes

86
Q

Which vitamins work to control homocysteine levels

A

B6, B12, B9

87
Q

Folate (B9) deficiency is associated with…

A

megaloblastic anemia (RBC cannot mature), diarrhea, birth defect in infants (spina bifida)

88
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency can be masked with _

A

folate supplements

89
Q

folate supplements can mask vitamin _ deficiency

A

B12

90
Q

Folate toxicities is common in _ and can cause _

A

hypersensitive people, or people with poor nutrition

hives, respiratory depression

91
Q

Development of the spine is encouraged by which vitamin

A

folate (B9)

92
Q

Describe vitamin B12, its function, where its found

A

cobalamin (refers to cobalt containing compounds)

needed for normal folate function, helps maintain myelin sheath around nerve axons

found only in animal foods: meats, liver, milk, eggs

absorption requires intrinsic factor

93
Q

TF: deficiency in vitamins B9 and B12 is associated with spina bifida

A

False, only B9, not B12

94
Q

How is vitamin B12 broken down

A

in stomach, forms complex with haptocorrin from salivary glands

complex taken into SI where it is split and complexes with intrinsic factor

95
Q

Majority of vitamin B12 is released in _

A

feces, rest is taken up by gut endothelium into bloodstream

96
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to

A

cobalamin deficiency (cobalamin = B12), pernicious anemia -> nerve damage + megaloblastic anemia (enlarged RBC)

97
Q

Describe vitamins B5 and B7, what their functions are and where they are found

A

B5: pantothenic acid, component of coenzyme A, widespread in foods (reduced by freezing, canning, or refining)

B7: biotin, coenzyme for metabolism of glycogenic amino acids and FA and DNA synthesis + plays a role in energy release from FA. found in cauliflower, liver, peanuts, cheese

98
Q

What compound can prevent absorption of vitamin B7

A

raw egg whites (protein avidin)

99
Q

Describe vitamin C, its functions, where it is found

A

ascorbic acid

antioxidant, collagen synthesis, enhances iron absorption from plants, synthesis of steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, bile salts and parts of DNA

citrus fruits, strawberries, kiwi, fortified juice, broccoli, tomatoes, potatoes, cabbage, leafy greens, peppers

100
Q

Who is Linus Pauling

A

some guy who believe vitamin C excess was healthy on the basis the it is water-soluble so its not protein-bound in the blood

101
Q

TF: vitamin C can help reduce the duration of a cold

A

False, it is not fully proven

also note: that vitamin C does not protect against actually catching a cold

102
Q

What are symptoms of scurvy

A

loss of teeth, pale skin, sunken eyes, muscle deterioration, organ failure, death

103
Q

TF: scurvy refers to vitamin C toxicity

A

False, deficiency

104
Q

TF: Taking high doses of vitamin C has no adverse effects

A

false, it can cause GI distress (puking)

105
Q

TF: hesperidia, pangamic acid, rutin all help in boosting our health

A

False!!!! BOGUS!!!

PHAR300 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions