Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHAR300 > L18 Drugs/Cosmetics > Flashcards

L18 Drugs/Cosmetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is minoxidil

A

the first cosmeceutical for male pattern baldness
increases follicular size and anagen growth phase
women can also use (OTC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

TF: Fluoride is a drug and cosmetic

A

True, although it prevents tooth decay and gum disease by getting rid of microorganisms, it is also used to keep our teeth looking nice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

TF: All skincare creams are considered drugs

A

False, some are not while others contain compounds that are classified as drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why must we be careful about compounds we put on babies?

A

Babies have high surface to volume ratio for skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the structure of the skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis (superficial fascia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the epidermis

A

outermost layer of the skin (superficial layer)

No vasculature
Hair above epidermis is comprised of dead cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the dermis

A

Contains the blood vessels, hair follicles, various glans (sweat and sebaceous), muscle (goose bumps), and nerve endings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the roles for 1. sebaceous glands and 2. nerve endings

A
  1. sebaceous glands: located besides the hair follicle, it secretes sebum which lubricates the surface of the sin
  2. nerve endings: they are connected to sensory receptors to sense touch, pain, and temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the main element that distinguishes the skins of different individuals

A

chemical structure of melanin in the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How are melanocytes and keratinocytes related to melanin?

A

melanocytes produce melanin (pigment granules) and insert it into keratinocytes via extensions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does sunburn affect melanocytes

A

melanocytes increase production (increased activity due to UV light) and insertion of melanin resulting in injury (sunburn) and darker skin colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

TF: sunburn is a reaction to UV injury

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why does the skin produce more melanin when exposed to UV light?

A

UV light increases melanocyte activity thus producing more melanin

This is because melanin works to block UV light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What makes tattoos permanent?

A

macrophages in the dermis layer uptake the pigment

when these macrophages die, surrounding macrophages uptake the ink they release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name 5 kinds of sensory receptors in the skin

A

cold, heat, pain, touch, pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why are superficial cuts and burns healed with no scars?

A

Skin cells have a fast turnover so it can continuously repair itself and repair deficits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

TF: skin structure is the same all over the body?

A

False

skin behind ears is thin while skin on palms or soles are thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

TF: The number and types of glands is the same in every individual

A

False, it varies between individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why are motion sickness patches applied behind the ears or on the abdomen

A

the skin is thinner there, allowing for better absorption and systemic distribution of the drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

TF: most people only have skin problems once they reach adolescence

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is psoriasis

A

It is characterized by patches of abnormal skin, skin turnover is very rapid causing skin to become thicker and cells that rise to the surface to flake off (increase skin cell synthesis)

Psoriasis cases are increasing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the general cause for photosensitivity?

A

allergic reaction to certain drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What kinds of drugs can cause photosensitivity

A

antibiotics, diuretics, antipsychotics, NSAIDS, plant and herbal mixtures/remedies, retinoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why must sunscreen be used on cloudy days?

A

80% of sun rays get through light clouds, mist, fog

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

TF: tanning is safe if it is done sparsely

A

False, tanning is a reaction to injury and is not safe

tanning increases the risks of cancer and causes wrinkles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is UV light made up of? What does this mean for the skin?

A

UVA and UVB (290-400 nm range)

Since they have different wavelengths, this causes them to penetrate the skin at different extents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which penetrates the skin deeper: UVA or UVB

A

UVA (400nm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

TF: UVA exposure is greater than UVB exposure

A

False, UVB exposure is greater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

TF: Only UVB causes skin damager

A

False, UVA can also cause injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

TF: UV damage can causes cataracts

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

TF: tanning can increase the risk of melanoma (deadliest skin cancer) by 59%

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Why are people with freckles particularly vulnerable to UV light

A

There is very little pigment between the freckles thus there is less protection against UV light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the biggest risk of sunburn?

A

The variable types of skin cancer (3)

basal cell carcinoma: can be removed before carcinoma becomes larger

squamous cell carcinoma

melanoma: lethal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

UV light damage includes…

A

premature wrinkling, broken blood vessels, pigment changes, blotches in the skin, skin cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does SPF stand for?

A

Sun protective factors

it is a measure of efficacy used to compare potency between different sunblocks

A 30 SPF sunscreen would provide 30 times the protection of no sunscreen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Why are individuals with lighter skin more prone to sunburn

A

they have less melanin, thus less protection against UV rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does broad-spectrum sunscreen mean?

A

It means it blocks both UVA and UVB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the minimum SPF in the winter? summer?

A

winter: 15
summer: 30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

TF: UV exposure is greater in water and snow

A

True

water an snow can reflect UV light (snow can reflect up to 85%) thus increasing UV exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are retinoids used for?

A

acne

+cancer and psoriasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What problems can occur in acne? (4)

A
  1. occlusion of pilosebaceous duct where hair follicles normally come out form
  2. bacterial colonization in the duct, releasing inflammatory mediators
  3. increased sebum secretion (during adolescence usually), sebum lubricates hair shaft, hair, scalp, skin
  4. inflamed sebaceous gland: comedy may rupture and release contents into dermis in severe cases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what are the different stages of acne (abnormal keratinocytes)?

A

A. normal hair follicle

B. Oxidized sebum (mild hyperkeratosis/acne)
- blocking the duct caused sebum to accumulate, sebum at the open end oxidizes to form blackheads

C. trapped sebum (mild hyperkeratosis/acne)
- sebum trap below the surface of the skin forms whiteheads which contains bacteria and leukocytes. Close comedo

D. Bacteria and leukocytes (severe hyperkeratosis/acne)
- bacteria accumulates in sebum which attracts WBC/leukocytes. Rupture of the comedo causes inflammation and spread
- both blackheads and whiteheads (open and close comedo) can accumulate bacteria and increase sebum accumulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

TF: Cystic/nodule acne contains sebum, bacteria and leukocytes

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Describe cystic acne

A

It is characterized by long and deep nodules and presence of cysts

It is usually treated before it gets to extreme levels of severity

Like a papule/pustule but worse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

TF: There are no animal models for acne

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

TF: Androgens decrease sebum secretion

A

False, androgens (especially testosterone) increase sebum production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the 4 hallmarks of acne

A

increased sebum, increased keratin, increased bacteria, inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the 4 targets to reduce acne

A
  1. normalize follicular keratinization
    - too much keratinization during acne (comedogenesis)
    - topical retinoids, accutane
  2. reduce bacteria, antibiotics topically or systemically
    - gets rid of infection and inflammation
    - benzoyl peroxide, antibiotics
    - retinoids have indirect antibacterial effect

3 inhibit sebaceous gland function
- sebum is a medium for bacterial growth, it also blocks the duct
- accutane, hormonal therapy, corticosteroids
- retinoids
- contraceptives for mild acne

  1. decreased inflammation
    - corticosteroids, NSAIDS, antibiotics, retinoids (useful for all 4)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What kinds of drugs can you use for acne? (6)

A

Retinoids (topical or systemic e.g. accutane)
antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide
hormonal therapy
contraceptives
corticosteroids
NSAIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What effects do we look for in drugs for acne?

A
  • normalize comedogenesis (regulate keratinocyte turnover)
  • inhibit sebaceous gland function
  • antibacterials
  • anti-inflammatory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Why are retinoids such as tretinoin and isotretinoin so powerful in treating acne

A

they attack multiple targets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are some drugs that normalize comedogenesis

A

tretinoin (retinoid), benzoyl peroxide, isotretinoin (retinoid), sulfur, azelaic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are some drugs that can inhibit sebaceous gland function/decrease sebum production

A

antiandrogens (spironolactone), corticosteroids (oral, in low doses), estrogen (oral contraceptives), isotretinoin (indirect effect)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are some drugs with antibacterial effects

A

antibiotics, isotretinoin (retinoid), benzoyl peroxide (local)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what are some drugs with anti-inflammatory effects

A

NSAID (affect sebaceous gland), antibiotics (prevent neutrophil chemotaxis), corticosteroids, retinoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Why are retinoids useful for acne

A
  • normalize comedogenesis
  • antibacterial
  • anti-inflammatory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Why is benzoyl peroxide useful for acne

A
  • normalize comedogenesis
  • antibacterial
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Why are sulfur and azelaic acid useful for acne

A

they normalize comedogenesis

59
Q

Why is hormonal therapy using antiandrogens (spirolactone), corticosteroids, estrogen useful for acne

A

it inhibits sebum production

60
Q

Why are corticosteroids useful for acne

A
  • decrease sebum production
  • anti-inflammatory
61
Q

TF: Retinoids are Vitamin D derivatives

A

False, vitamin A derivatives

62
Q

Vitamin A is a generic term for…

A

retinol, retinaldehyde, retinoid acid, retinoids, and related compounds

63
Q

TF: Retinoids act as hormones and alter gene expression

A

True

64
Q

What cellular process do retinoids have a major role in?

A

cellular differentiation

65
Q

TF: Synthetic retinoids are mostly non-aromatic compounds

A

False, they are mostly aromatic

66
Q

What differentiates third generation retinoids from previous generations?

A

They are more selective and less toxic

67
Q

What are some very effective retinoids

A

tretinoin and adapalene (Differin)

68
Q

TF: Isotretinoin is an OTC

A

False, it requires a prescription

69
Q

What are retinoids used for other than acne?

A

psoriasis, cancer

drugs that block receptors are very useful

70
Q

TF: Retinol is freely transported through the body as it is water-soluble

A

False, it is not water soluble. It needs to be bound to the “retinol binding protein” for movement

71
Q

TF: both the retinol and RBP bind to the retinoid receptor and enter the cell

A

False, only the retinal binds and enters the cell. The RBP dissociates

72
Q

What happens once retinol enters the cell?

A

Retinol is bound by cellular RBP and then converted to retinaldehyde, then retinoic acid by enzymes in the cytoplasm

73
Q

How can retinol affect gene expression (pharmacodynamics at a molecular level)

A
  • retinoid acid binds to retinoid acid binding protein to be taken to nucleus
  • 2 molecules of retinoid acid bind to RAR ad RxR receptors on the nucleus causing their dimerization (heterodimer)
  • dimerization causes retinoid acid response element to alter gene expression
74
Q

RAR (retinoid acid receptors) and RxR (retinoid X receptor) are in which receptor family?

A

nuclear hormone receptor family

75
Q

TF: trans retinoid binds to RXR and cis retinoid binds to RAR

A

false

trans - RAR
cis - RXR

76
Q

TF: RXR has subtypes the includes isoforms alpha, beta, delta

A

False, RAR has subtypes (alpha, beta, gamma)

RXR has 1 subtype (alpha)

77
Q

What are factors that determine whether the binding to nuclear hormonal retinoid receptors RAR and RXR increase or decrease gene expression

A

cell type
combination of dimer
agonist

78
Q

Change in gene expression triggered by retinoids can lead to…

A
  • decrease in sebum production/decrease in keratinocyte activity
  • decrease in inflammation w/ antibacterial effect
  • change in sebum composition (does not foster bacteria anymore)
    overall decrease in acne
79
Q

TF: retinoids are teratogens only at high doses

A

False, they are teratogens even at low doses

Can affect 1st month of pregnancy

80
Q

What makes retinoids teratogenic?

A

Retinoids play a huge role in cell differentiation which can affect fetus development

81
Q

What can retinoids cause in fetus?

A

malformations in face (skull, ears, jaws), kidneys, heart
psychological and intellectual development also affected

82
Q

TF: Retinoids may cause GI disorders

A

True

83
Q

Can retinoids cause inflammatory bowel disease

A

Yes

84
Q

Interaction of retinoid with what kind of drug can cause possible GI distress?

A

NSAIDS

85
Q

TF: Antibacterial soap for washing faces is necessary for clear skin

A

False, humans have natural bacteria present in their follicles

86
Q

How does soap reduce transmission of colds?

A

it gets rid of superficial bacteria and viruses which can be transmitted

87
Q

TF: Moisturizers can repair the skin

A

False, they lubricate skin but do not repair it

88
Q

TF: Moisturizer prevents aging

A

False, only sunblock can prevent aging (or the signs of aging)

89
Q

What is skin cream a mix of?

A

water, powder (active ingredient), grease/oil (for application)

90
Q

TF: humans can absorb collagen and elastin through epidermis

A

False, epidermis is impermeable to collagen and elastin

91
Q

What do advertisements include to convince you to buy an acne products

A
  • attractive people
  • doctor-approved signature
  • scientific information
92
Q

TF: moisturizers can fix cellulite

A

False,

moisturizer can only penetrate skin at its surface level while cellulite occurs at deeper levels

93
Q

Most ingredients in cosmeceuticals are… (3)

A

preservatives (stop microbial growth), fragrances, surfactants

94
Q

What makes cosmeceuticals potentially toxic?

A
  • trace metals
    (transdermal absorption increase due to damaged skin barrier)
  • phthalates
  • parabens
95
Q

What are phthalates and why are they dangerous

A

perfumes, lotions, nail polish, hair care

carcinogenic at high doses, endocrine disruptors, reproductive system disruptors, immunotoxicity, allergies, lowers sperm count

96
Q

Why are parabens dangerous

A

they can disrupt the immune system

97
Q

What causes cold sores?

A

herpes virus (DNA virus) HSV-1

  • herpes nests in nerve endings of trigeminal ganglions
  • it can then be triggered by stress, disease, etc. where it does through the nerve and causes a lesion
  • immune system keeps it contained
98
Q

Why is it problematic if you are immunocompromised if you have cold sore herpes

A

immune system is what keeps it contained within the mouth area/trigeminal ganglion

without it, it could spread and make it worse

99
Q

Which drug is very effective against HSV-1? What does it do

A

Acyclovir

inhibits viral proliferation

100
Q

What is acycloGTP and what does it do

A

it is a phosphorylated and activated form of acyclovir
It inhibits viral DNA polymerase, may also cause chain termination

101
Q

How much hair do we have

A

5 million hairs
100 000 on head

102
Q

At what rate does hair grow

A

6 in / year

103
Q

TF: hair can grow infinitely long

A

False, hair usually only grows for a certain amount of time until it falls out

max is usually 3 ft

104
Q

What inserts pigment into hairs?

A

melanocytes

105
Q

What are the different layers of a hair

A

cuticle (outer, dead cells)
cortex (inner)
medulla (core)

106
Q

Where are the live cells located in hair

A

base of follicles under the surface of the skin (in the matrix)

107
Q

TF: There are stem cells located on the side of hair shafts

A

True

108
Q

Why are there stem cells on the side of hair shafts

A

to initiate growth of new follicles after the old one falls out

109
Q

In which layer of the hair is keratin located

A

Cortex

110
Q

What is the composition of hair cortex

A

Keratin

protofibrils make up microfibrils which make up macrofibrils which are packed together in the cortex

111
Q

What factors can affect the hairs ability to retain moisture

A

hair texture
humidity (more humid = more curly)
heat drying

112
Q

Describe the hair growth cycle

A
  1. ‘bulge’ stem cells turnover and create new hair
  2. anagen active growth phase: follicle grows for 2-6 years
  3. Catagen/transition phase: 1-2 weeks, hair stops growing and starts to involute (fold inward) at base
  4. Telogen/resting phase: hair is ready to fall out
113
Q

TF: beard growth increase in july

A

True

114
Q

TF: Scalp hair sheds in winter

A

false, It sheds in summer

115
Q

How do hormones alter hair growth?

A

estrogen and progesterone retains hair in anagen phase (during pregnancy)

hair goes into telogen phase after pregnancy is over so that all the hair that was supposed to be lost is shed + a few more

116
Q

What can damage hair?

A

heat, brushing (back combing/teasing), chlorine, bleach

lacquer doesn’t damage hair as it stays on the surface and can be washed off

+UV damage

117
Q

What cause hair to be curly?

A

They have more hydrogen and disulphide bonds

*curly hair has more of both, and its important to keep curly hair moisturized for well-defined curls ;)

118
Q

Describe the order of compounds that lead to hair pigment

A

tyrosine -> dopa -> dopaquinone -> eumelanin or pheomelanin

119
Q

TF: modifications to tyrosine is the reason behind the variety of hair colours we see in different individuals

A

True

120
Q

What causes hair bleaching

A

sun (UV damage) and peroxide can damage melanin i.e. structural shift and a change in refraction of light and colour

121
Q

What makes a hair dye permanent?

A

It penetrates into the cortex
To do so, chemical structure of hair must be disrupted

122
Q

TF: bleach can cause cuticles to raise

A

True

123
Q

How much hair do we lose per day

A

50-100

124
Q

What are terminal hairs replaced by in male baldness?

A

villus (soft and thin little hairs)

Replaced and there are less of them

125
Q

What makes male and female baldness different?

A

female baldness is only the thinning of the hair rather than the loss of hair

126
Q

What is a drug that can be used to treat baldness? How does it work

A

Rogaine minoxidil: increases follicular size and prolongs the anagen growth phase of hair

+Finesteride and Dutasteride (alpha-reductase inhibitor, decrease DHT)

127
Q

TF: Susceptibility to hair loss is the same at all part of the head

A

False

128
Q

What is Finasteride (Propecia)? What does it do

A

it is used to treat baldness (more effective than minoxidil) systemically
More efficient when used before baldness becomes extensive

It inhibits the 5-reductase (which converts T to DHT) thus preventing bladness (DHT is more potent than T in its ability to make people bald lol)

129
Q

How does DHT cause baldness

A

it acts not he nucleus of follicles to cause changes

130
Q

TF: Finasteride (propecia) is teratogenic for male fetuses

A

True

Finasteride is used to treat hair loss in men

131
Q

TF: Dutasteride is used to treat acne

A

False, it is used to treat baldness as it inhibit 5-reductase i.e. DHT synthesis

132
Q

What are 2 hair damage products that work? How do they work

A

olaplex and K18 (peptide with 18 amino acids)

olaplaex: repairs damaged keratin (repairs broken disulphide bonds) by making an ionic bond and inserting itself between 2 keratin molecules

K18: relinks broken keratin strands

133
Q

What is fluoride used for

A

prevention of cavities and gingivitis

134
Q

When are primary teeth formed?

A

in utero

135
Q

Taking which drug during pregnancy can cause tooth discolouration in baby?

A

tetracycline (accumulate in teeth causing discolouration)

136
Q

TF: toothpaste contains abrasive compounds for whitening

A

True

137
Q

Which drug can cause gingival hyperplasia i.e. growth of gums over teeth?

A

phenytoin (drug to treat seizures)

138
Q

TF: fluoride is antimicrobial

A

true

139
Q

What makes fluoride antimicrobial

A

it strengthens the mineral lattice of the teeth (remineralization), defending against bacterial erosion

140
Q

What causes white spots on teeth?

A

mild floride overdose (fluorosis)

141
Q

TF: 1/2 people have gum disease

A

False, 3/4 people have gum disease

142
Q

What is periodontal disease

A

it is a disease that makes teeth susceptible to bacterial growth causing problems for the gums and loosening the teeth

143
Q

What is gingivitis

A

inflammation of gingiva (gums)
red swollen gums that bleed easily

144
Q

How do you treat gingivitis

A

mouthwash or toothpaste with phenols
phenol interferes with bacteria that cause gingivitis

PHAR300 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions