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MICBI - General microbiology > L19 - 21 Infection control > Flashcards

L19 - 21 Infection control Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the differences between sterilization and disinfection?

A

Sterilization: Destruction and removal of all micro-organisms and spores;

Disinfection: Destruction and removal of nearly all micro-organisms, but not highly resistant bacterial spores

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2
Q

What are the differences between disinfectant and antiseptic?

A

Disinfectant: substance applied to an inanimate object to prevent the growth of micro-organisms

Antiseptic: substance applied to living tissue to prevent the growth of micro-organisms

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3
Q

Chain of transmission: infection agent > reservoir > portal of exit > mode/route of transmission> portal of entry ? host

How can this chin be broken in hospitals?

A
  1. Standard precautions

2. Transmission based precaustions

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4
Q

What are standard precautions?

A
  • Universal assumption that patients harhour blood borne diseases (e.g. HBV, HCV, HIV)
  • Applied to all patients, at all times, regardless of diagnosis or infection status
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5
Q

What is teh most important element of infection control?

A

Hand hygiene

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6
Q

What are the 5 momements of hand hygiene at point of care?

A
  1. Before touching a patient
  2. Before performing clean/aseptic procedures
  3. After touching body fluid or when there is exposure risk
  4. After touching the patient
  5. After touching the patient’s surrounding
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7
Q 
Alcoholic hand rub can be used when?
A. hands are visibly soiled
B. against C. difficile
C. against bacterial spores
D. against eveloped virus
E. 2 formulas are suggested by WHO
A

D and E are correct

A: cannot because it is inactivated by dirt/organic material

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8
Q

Which of the following are ket factors of effective handwashing?
A. use ordinary soap/ antiseptic soap (4% chlorhexidine)
B. Duration should be at least 40s-60s for handwashing, 20-30s for hand rub
C. All parts of the hand should be involved
D. Rubbing to create friction
E. Thorough rinsing and drying

A

All of the above

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9
Q

What is PPE? Function?

A

Personal protective equipment

- to protect the mucous membranes, airway, skin and clothing from contact with infectious agents

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10
Q

When is PPE use indicated?
A. Contact of contaminated items
B. Contact of mucous membranes
C. Handling bodily fluid and risk of splashing

A

All of the above

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11
Q

Size of droplet nuclei?

A

<5 um in diameter

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12
Q

Principle of removing PPE?

A

Most contaminated item removed first, perform hand hygiene when hands are contaminated

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13
Q

Patient with Hand Foot Mouth disease (HFMD). What infection control precautions should be done?

A

Standard precautions and contact precautions

same for patients with scabies, MRSA

  • gloves, protective gowns
  • isolation room placment, cohort nursing
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14
Q

Patient with C.difficile infection. What infection control precautions should be done?

A

Standard precautions and contact precautions

  • gloves, protective gowns
  • isolation room placment, cohort nursing
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15
Q

Ptient with influenza A. What infection control precautions should be done?

A

Standard precautions and droplet precautions

same for Pertuissis

  • surgical mask
  • social distancing (1m apart)
  • negative pressure isolation not necessary
  • Patient wears surgical mask during transport
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16
Q

What does it mean by droplet transmission?

A

= by droplet > 5um in diameter that falls by gravity within 1m

17
Q

What does it mean by airborne transmission?

A

By particles <5um in diameter that can travel over 3m = droplet nuclei

18
Q

Patient with measles. What infection control precautions should be done?

A

Standard precautions and airborne precautions

  • N95 mask
  • Patient wears surgical mask during transport
  • Negative pressure isolation room

(same for TB)

19
Q

Patient with chickenpox/ VZV. What infection control precautions should be done?

A

Standard precautions and airborne precautions

  • N95 mask
  • Patient wears surgical mask during transport
  • Negative pressure isolation room
20
Q

What protective measures are given to patients highly susceptible to infection, e.g. leukemia, bone marrow transplant?

A

Protective isolation: positive pressure isolation room

21
Q

For vector borne Dengue fever and Faecal-oral cholera, what can be done?

A

Standard precautions only

  • Precautions not possible/practical in hospital: sexual contact, e.g. HIV and gonorrhea; vertical: syphillis..
22
Q

Management after needle stick injury (NSI) ? (4)

A
  1. Immediate care: clean wound with soap and water, encourage minor wound to bleed freely
  2. Report and seek medical consultation
  3. Take blood from victim + source: HBV for immunity status, HCV, HIV antibodies
  4. Post-exposure prophylaxis (if indicated): HBV vaccine, HBIG, combination antiretroviral x4/52
23
Q 
Level of decontamination required is based on Spaulding classification: 
FDA device classes are 
1. non-critical, 
2. semi-critical and 
3. cirtical.

State the level of body contact, an example and disinfection requirement for them respectively.

A
  1. Non-critical
    - intact skin
    - stethoscope
    - low level disinfection
  2. Semi-critical
    - mucous membrane
    - endoscope
    - high level disinfection
  3. Critical
    - sterile body cavity
    - Laparoscope
    - sterilization required
24
Q

Sterilization can be done by physical or chemical methods.

Give examples of physical method. (3)

A
  1. Heat sterilization
    - Autoclaving
    - Dry heat
  2. Radiation
    - ionising (pharmaceuticals) ot non-ionising (for syringes)
25
Q

Which of the following about autoclaving are correct?
A. Moist heat sterilization means saturated steam releases latent heat onto items
B. Typical sterilization cycle is 121 degrees celcius with 15 psi above atm for 15 minutes
C. Quality control includes process control, chemical monitoring bye Bowie-Dick auticlave tape test or microbiological monitoring

A

All of the above

26
Q

Which of the following about sterilization are correct?
A. Dry heat method is slower than that of autoclaving
B. Dry heat method is used to sterilize glassware
C. Incineration is used for infected tissues and pathological materials
D. Chemical methods include using ethylene oxide
E. Glutaraldehyde can be used as a chemical method for sterilization

A

All of the above

Dry heat is another physical method using hot-air oven of 160 degrees celcius for 1-2 hours

27
Q

What are the physical and chemical methods for disinfection?

A

Physical

  1. Boiling water: 100 degree celcius, 5-10 mins to kill vegetative bacteria
  2. Pasteurization: 62 degree celcius, 30 mins to kill milk-borne pathogens

Chemical
3. Household bleach: 5.25% hypochlorite = 50000ppm chlorine

28
Q

Chemical method for disinfection are for heat-sensitive equipment that cannot withstand physical method. What are the adverse effects for using household bleach?

A

Irritant: gaseous chlorine

React with ammonia > generate toxic vapour, corrosive to metal

29
Q

Infection wastes are treated as clinical wastes and collected by licensed collector for disposal.
What are the yellow and red bags for?

A

Yellow: human or animal tissue/organ
Red: other defined clinical wastes

MICBI - General microbiology (3 decks)

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