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RA > L18 - Concept of muscular compartments; WIP > Flashcards

L18 - Concept of muscular compartments; WIP Flashcards

1
Q

What is fascia?

A
  • The body’s CT matric
  • All-encompassing and interwoven system of fibrous CT found throughout the body
  • Band or sheet of CT, primarily collagen beneath the skin that attaches, stabilises, encloses and separates muscles and other internal organs
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2
Q

What is necrotising fasciitis?

A
  • Flesh eating disease
  • Bacterium feeds on fascia (infection)
  • Damage is spread along fascial planes
  • Able to consume an entire person in space of few hours
  • Sudden onset that spreads rapidly
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3
Q

Why is fascia important?

A

Provides a framework that organises, supports and protects muscle groups, organs and tissue units of the body

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4
Q

Where are fascial spaces most exaggerated in the body?

A
  1. Head region
  2. Neck region
  3. Limb regions
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5
Q

What is the generic tissue layers enveloping any surface of the body

A

Outside –> inwards

  1. Superficial fascia
    - Binds skin to rest of tissues of body
  2. Deep fascia
    - Investing layer
    - Int layer of deep fascia
  3. Muscles
  4. Deepest layer of deep fascia
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6
Q

What is the function of deep fascia?

A
  • Encloses organs
  • Support and protect muscles and other soft tissue structures
  • Divides muscles into compartment
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7
Q

What are the 2 main classes of fascia in the neck?

A
  1. Superficial cervical fascia

2. Deep cervical fascia

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8
Q

What does the deep cervical fascia consist of?

A
  1. Investing fascia
  2. Pretracheal fascia
  3. Prevertebral fascia
  4. Carotid sheaths
    - Alar fascia
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9
Q

What are the tissue layers of the thigh?

A
  1. The skin
  2. Superficial fascia
  3. Deep fascia (fascia lata)
  4. Muscles (and membrane coverings)
  5. Femur (covered in periosteum and endosteum)
  6. Lateral intermuscular septum
  7. Neurovascular bundle
  8. Lymph nodes
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10
Q

What is the lateral intermuscular septum of the thigh?

A
  • A fold of deep fascia in the thigh
  • Between the vastus lateralis and biceps femoris
  • Separates the anterior compartment from the posterior compartment of the thigh
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11
Q

What is the medial intermuscular septum of the thigh?

A
  • A fold of deep fascia in the thigh
  • Between the vastus medialis and the adductors and pectineus
  • Separates the anterior compartment from the medial compartment of the thigh
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12
Q

What is the posterior intermuscular septum of the thigh?

A
  • A fold of deep fascia in the thigh

- Separates the lateral compartment of the thigh

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13
Q

What are the 3 fascial compartments of the thigh (aka muscular compartments)?

A
  1. Ant compartment
  2. Lateral compartment
  3. Posterior compartment
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14
Q

What do the 3 fascial compartments of the thigh have in common?

A

Common blood supply from profunda femoris

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15
Q

What do the 3 fascial compartments differ in?

A
  1. Own general actions
  2. Own muscles
  3. Own nerve supply
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16
Q

What is the function of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A
  • Knee extensors

- Quadriceps

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17
Q

What is the function of the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A
  • Knee flexors
  • Hip extensors
  • Hamstrings
18
Q

What is the function of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A
  • Hip adductors

- Muscles collectively known as hip adductors

19
Q

Which is the primary nerve supplying the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Obturator nerve

  • Arises from lumbar plexus
  • L2-L4
20
Q

Which is the primary nerve supplying the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Sciatic nerve

  • Tibial (medial part)
  • L4, L5
  • S1-3
21
Q

Which is the primary nerve supplying the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Femoral nerve (L2-L4)

22
Q

Which artery supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Femoral artery

23
Q

Which artery supplies the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Obturator artery

24
Q

Which artery supplies the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Perforating branches of profunda femoris (a branch of femoral artery)

25
Q

How many muscle groups make up the posterior compartment of the leg and what are they called?

A
  1. Superficial group
  2. Deep group
    - These 2 form the calf muscles of the leg
26
Q

What are the muscles found in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg (calf muscles)?

A
  1. Gastrocnemius
  2. Soleus
  3. Plantaris
    - They share a common tendon of insertion
27
Q

What is the triceps surae?

A
  • Three headed muscle at the dorsal lower leg
  • Lies within superficial posterior compartment
  • Made up of soleus and gastrocnemius
28
Q

What is the innervation for the triceps surae?

A

Tibial nerve

29
Q

What is the name of the tendon that the 3 muscles of the superficial posterior compartment of the leg insert to?
- Where does it insert to?

A

The tendo calcaneous

  • Achilles tendon
  • Strongest tendon in the body
30
Q

What is the main action of the tendo calcaneous (achilles tendon)?

A

Plantar flex

31
Q

Where does the tendo calcaneous (achilles tendon) insert into?

A

Inserts into the calcaneous of the foot (hell bone)

- The calcaneous connects with the talus and cuboid bones

32
Q

What are the muscles that make up the deep posterior compartment of the leg?

A
  1. Popliteus
  2. Flexor halucis longus
  3. Tibialis posterior
  4. Flexor digitorum longus
33
Q

Which muscles of the deep posterior compartment of the leg act on the knee joint?

A

Popliteus

34
Q

Which muscles of the deep posterior compartment of the leg act on the ankle and foot joints?

A
  • Tibialis posterior
  • Flexor halucis longus
  • Flexor digitorum longus
35
Q

What are the different regions of the upper limb?

A
  1. Arm
  2. Forearm
  3. Hand
36
Q

What are the different compartments that make up the hand?

A
  1. Dorsal interossei (4)
  2. Palmar interossei (3)
  3. Thenar
  4. Hypothenar
  5. Adductor pollicis
37
Q

What are the symptoms of compartment syndrome?

A 
P - Pain
P - Pale skin tone (pallor)
P - Paresthesia 
P - Pulselessness (faint pulse)
P - Paralysis (weakness with movements)
38
Q

What are the causes of compartment syndrome?

A
  1. Dec compartment size (fluid introduced into fixed vol)
  2. Inc fluid content (bleeding or swelling after injury)
    - Burns
    - Intra-arterial injection
    - Infiltrated infusion
    - Haemorrhage
    - Envenomation (process by which venom in injected by bite or sting)
  3. Extraneous constriction
39
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A
  • Occurs when perfusion pressure fall below tissue pressure in a closed anatomical compartment (build up of pressure in anatomical comp)
  • Can develop wherever an anatomical compartment is present
40
Q

What would happen in compartment syndrome was to be left untreated?

A

High pressure in compartment syndrome impedes the flow of blood to and from the affected tissue –> necrosis and death
- Inc press –> dec tissue perfusion until no O2 available for cellular metabolism

RA (5 decks)

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