L15 - Marine Mammal Energetics and Life History Patterns

Question 1

reproductive investment: males (2)

Answer 1

1. low investment

2. potential high energetic costs

Question 2

reproductive investment: females

Answer 2

high investment: gestation and lactation

Question 3

central place foraging theory (2)

Answer 3

1. nearby foraging site:
   - many short duration trips, spend time with young
2. distant foraging site:
   - few long duration trips, maximize energy return per trip

Question 4

fasting (3)

Answer 4

1. lower mass specific BMR
2. fat stores scale mass^1.0
3. large animals can fast longer

Question 5

australian sea lion (3)

Answer 5

1. 18 month gestation
2. only aseasonal pinniped
3. potentially related to low nutrient, stable environment

Question 6

galapagos fur seal (2)

Answer 6

1. 2-3 year lactation

2. gives birth annually

Question 7

reproduction and foraging are linked:

phocids (3)

Answer 7

1. capital breeders:
   - single long trips
   - economical foraging strategy

Question 8

reproduction and foraging are linked:

otariids (3)

Answer 8

1. income breeders:
   - multiple short trips
   - expend high energy to obtain high energy

Question 9

cetacean reproductive patterns:

mysticetes (4)

Answer 9

1. capital provisioner
   - short lactation
   - fasts while lactating
   - rapid calf growth

Question 10

cetacean reproductive patterns:

odontocetes (4)

Answer 10

1. income provisioner
   - long lactation
   - feeds while lactating
   - slow calf growth

Question 11

fundamental constraint on foraging behavior

Answer 11

return to surface to breathe

Question 12

reproductive patterns:

sirenians (2)

Answer 12

1. one calf every 2-7 yrs

2. weaning 1-2 yrs

Question 13

reproductive patterns:
sea otters (2)

Answer 13

1. one pup every 1-2 yrs

2. weaning 5 months

Question 14

reproductive patterns:
polar bears (2)

Answer 14

1. 1-2 pups every 2-4 yrs

2. weaning 2 yrs

Question 15

cetacean reproductive patterns:

odontocete (3)

Answer 15

1. one calf every 2-8 yrs
2. weaning 0.5-10+yrs
3. feeds during lactation

Question 16

cetacean reproductive patterns:

mysticete (3)

Answer 16

1. one calf every 1-3 yrs
2. weaning 5-12 months
3. fasts during lactation

Question 17

pinniped reproductive patterns:

phocidae (3)

Answer 17

1. one pup every yr
2. weaning 4-50 days
3. fasts during lactation

Question 18

pinniped reproductive patterns:

otariidae (3)

Answer 18

1. one pup every yr
2. weaning 4-12 months
3. feeds intermittently during lactation

Question 19

patterns of maternal investment (4)

Answer 19

1. birth mass
2. pup growth
3. lactation interval
4. milk composition

Question 20

constraint on reproduction (2)

Answer 20

1. terrestrial parturition

2. marine feeding

Question 21

metabolic overhead (2)

Answer 21

1. 40% metabolism maintenance

2. 60% milk energy