L15: How do genes make cells?

Question 1

What is the percentage of protein, lipids and carbohydrates in a typical human cell?

Answer 1

50% protein, 40% lipids and 10% carbohydrates

Question 2

What are the different categorisations of what makes a cell?

Answer 2

Building blocks, macromolecules, supramolecular assemblies and organelles

Question 3

This determines when and in what cells a gene is transcribed to produce mRNA. It is the first step determining how many individual proteins are produced in a cell.

Answer 3

Transcriptional control

Question 4

What does the central dogma state?

Answer 4

That the encoding of information only goes one way.

How DNA is transcribed into mRNA then RNA translated into a protein.

Question 5

True or false. Not every cell has the same DNA and the same ~21000 protein coding genes.

Answer 5

False. Remember cells replicate uniformly- so it would be the same across every cell.

Question 6

Approximately how many genes are expressed in all cells for basic cellular functions?

Answer 6

10,000 genes

Question 7

How many genes in the cell are unique to a specific cell type? These genes make the brain cell different from the heart cell.

Answer 7

about 1000-2000 genes

Question 8

This is the process where a DNA sequence is copied into an RNA molecule.

Answer 8

Transcription

Question 9

When is a gene said to be expressed or turned on?

Answer 9

When it is transcribed

Question 10

These are proteins binding to a specific DNA sequence and control the rate of transcription.

Answer 10

Transcription factors

Question 11

What are the key elements (in terms of regions) of a gene?

Answer 11

Regulatory region and transcribed region

Question 12

What elements of the gene are found in the regulatory region?

Answer 12

Promoter, RNA polymerase, Activators, Repressor, transcription factors

Question 13

This is the DNA sequence at which transcription factors bind and recruit RNA polymerase.

Answer 13

Promoter

Question 14

True or false. The promoter determines if and how much a gene is transcribed.

Answer 14

True.

Question 15

True or false. The promoter contains short sequences that transcription factors bind to.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

This is the region where sequences of DNA are copied into RNA.

Answer 16

Transcribed regions

Question 17

Which region does the end genes, exons and introns belong in?

Answer 17

Transcribed regions

Question 18

This is the process of intron removal.

Answer 18

Splicing

Question 19

How do transcription factors control transcription? How can a gene be expressed through this?

Answer 19

Through activators and repressors. A gene can only be expressed when both activator transcription factors are present and if the repressor is absent,

Question 20

What controls the activity of the RNA polymerase?

Answer 20

Transcription factors

Question 21

True or false. Transcription can occur fully with one activator and a repressor.

Answer 21

False. Transcription cannot occur with the repressor.

Question 22

True or false. Only a little bit, but mostly no transcription can occur with one activator and no repressor.

Answer 22

True.

Question 23

Where are the transcription factors of the insulin gene made?

Answer 23

Only in Pancreatic B cell (no other place)

Question 24

The transcription factors in a liver cell are only found where?

Answer 24

In cells that make glycogen.

Question 25

True or false. Transcription factor can control the activity of genes, as well as hormones.

Answer 25

True (remember insulin is a hormone)