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Body Logs > L14- Haemopoiesis > Flashcards

L14- Haemopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

a) What is Haemopoiesis?

A

a) formation of blood cellular components

b)

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2
Q

What cells does Haemopoiesis begin with?

A
  • Begins with haemopoietic stem cells (ability to self replicate and differentiate further)
  • which differentiate into common progenitors (only can differentiate into lineage bound)
  • both found in the bone marrow
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3
Q

What are the two main cell lines that develop from stem cells and what do they then go onto develop into?

A
  1. Myeloid blasts–> Erythrocytes (RBCS), granulocytes, monocytes and platelets
  2. Lymphoblasts–> lymphocytes (t and b lymphocytes)
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4
Q

a) What is erythropoeisis?
b) What hormone stimulates this process?
c) What is the process

A

a) process of formation of RBC
b) Erythropoietin
c) Begin with a proerythroblast (large nucelus, prominent nucleoili and lots of RNA) and nucleus gradually shrinks and is removed along with RNA to form a reticulocyte

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5
Q

You have just seen a patient who is recovering from blood loss due to a stab wound, upon assessing his blood results what did you find and why?

A
  • High amounts of reticulocytes (final cell before they become mature erythrocytes)
  • They only have a small amount of RNA left to help make haemoglobin (carries oxygen and if a patient loses a lot of blood you would be worried about tissue hypoxia (loss of o2)
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6
Q

What progenitor is RBC formed from?

A

Myeloid

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7
Q

Structure of Erythrocytes related to its function

A

Main function: transport oxygen to tissues

  • Biconcave shape: increase SA for diffusion of gases
  • no nucleus/minimal organelles: maximise oxygen capacity
  • no mitochondria; ensure o2 not used up by erythrocyte
  • contains Hb (made from iron): increase oxygen affinity
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8
Q

Life span of a RBC?

A

120 DAYS

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9
Q

You sense your patient is suffering from anaemia (LOW RBC OR LOW O2), what hormone would you find in high quantity and why?

A
  • Erythropoietin (glycoprotein)
  • produced by kidneys in response to tissue hypoxia (low o2)
  • increases rate of RBC production and release from bone marroq
  • acts to stop apoptosis of erythrocytes so more RBC will be secreted into blood
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10
Q

a) What are granulocytes and what are the types?

b) What is the most prevalent granulocyte in blood?

A

a) - subgroup of WBC that fight infections/inflammation
- named due to presence of granules in cytoplasm
TYPES: Neutrophils, Basophils and eosinophils

b) Neutrophils

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11
Q

Structure and function of the granulocytes?

A
  1. Neutrophils
    - Multilobed nucleus and small granules in cytoplasm
    - Function: migrate out of circulation to a site of infection (chemotaxis) and destroy foreign material by phagocytosis
    - Granules contain: lysozomes, MMPS and gelatinase
    - increase number and speed of mature by G-CSF
    - Have dna nets that trap pathogens
    - Respiratory burst
  2. Basophils:
    - Bilobed nucleus
    - large dark purple granules (stained due to basic die) which contain heparin and histamine which prevent coagulation and promote mast cell degranulation
    - trigger inflammation and mediate hypersensitivity reactions e.g. asthma
  3. Eosinophils:
    - two nuclear lobes
    - spheric granules- acid-loving granules
    - phagocytose pathogens, fight parasitic worms and have a role in inflammation/allergy
    - granules contain cell destroying enzymes (acid hydrolases)
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12
Q

What is G-CSF and what does it do?

A

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor

  • secreted by immune cells in response to inflammation
  • acts on bone marrow to increase number of circulating neutrophils and the speed at which they mature
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13
Q

Process of granulopoiesis?

A
  • Nuclear condensation and lobulation

- formation/increased numbers of granules

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14
Q

a) What are monocytes?
b) structure?
c) function

A

a) A large phagocytic WBC
b) Unilobular “horseshoe” shaped nucleus
largest of all mature blood cells
c) phagocytose pathogens, cell debris and senescent cells, present foreign antigens
- first line of defence

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15
Q

Difference between monocyte and macrophage?

A

Called monocyte when in blood and macrophage in the tissue

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16
Q

a) Structure of platelets/thrombocytes?
b) Function
c) What protein regulates production of platelets?

A

a) biconvex shape, no nucleus, just cytoplasm, contains lots of proteins and clotting factors
- have special receptors on surface which cause platelet aggregation
b) To stop bleeding and mediate haemostasis
c) thrombopoietin from liver

17
Q

a) What are the types of lymphocytes?

b) What progenitor are they formed from?

A

a) B lymphocyte, T lymphocyte and natural killer cells

b) Lymphoid progenitor

18
Q

Compare the structure and function of the main 2 lymphocyteS?

A

B cells:

  • mature in the bone marrow and then intestines, spleen and lymph nodes
  • main function: production of antibodies, can activate t cells
  • each b cell is specific to a specific antigen
  • play a role in humoral adaptive immunity

T cells:

  • mature in the thymus then migrate to lymphoid organs where they will be activated
  • kill virus-infected cells, neoplastic cells and transplanted tissue
  • carry cell-mediated immunity
  • activate b cells IL4
  • large nucelus with a small rim of cytoplasm
  • proliferation and activation caused by IL 2
19
Q

Can you tell the diff between a b and t cell on a histology slide?

A

no

20
Q

What stimulates the differentiation of progenitors into lymphocytes?

A

Interleukins

21
Q

a) What is blood plasma?
b) what is it made up of?
c) what is the most important component?

A

a) supporting medium for all circulating blood cells- it makes up the majority of circulating blood volume
b) 92 percent water, 8 percent protein and ions (na, cl, k)

c) protein:
- albumin (liver)
- clotting factors (liver)
hormones, cytokines, antibodies etc

22
Q

a) You have a patient who has presented with Alcoholic liver disease why does he have raised INR and low platelets ?
b) Why would this patient have varices ?
c) Why does he have ascites? What could this be treated with?
* INR- is a laboratory measurement of how long it takes blood to form a clot.
* Ascites: build-up of fluid in their abdomen (tummy) and around the intestines.

A

a) - damaged liver not producing thrombopoietin (low platelets)
- damaged liver not producing clotting factors (raised INR)

b) developed high blood pressure and the blood vessels become weakened
c) portal hypertension - diuretics

23
Q

What is the importance of platelets?

A
  • form clots to stop bleeding
  • platelet activation results in platelet adhesion to the damaged endothelial cell wall and aggregation with other platelets
  • also presents a phospholipid surface to provide binding sites for clotting factors during activation of clotting cascade
24
Q 
What would they look like on a histology slide:
A) reticulocytes
B) erythrocytes
C) Neutrophils
D) basophils
E) eosinophils
F) monocytes/macrophages
G) lymphocytes
H) thrombocytes/platelets
A

A) No nucleus, mesh-like (reticulum) of rRNA in cytoplasm
B) No nucleus, biconcave shape looks light in centre (platelets will surround)
C) Multilobed nucleus with granules in cytoplasm (containing lysosomes, MMPS and gelatinase)
D) 2 or 3 lobed nucleus, dark purple granules (stained due to BASic dyes), granules contain heparin and histamine
E) 2 nuclear lobes, granules contain: cell destroying enzymes (acid hydrolases)
F) unilobular horse-shoe shaped nucleus/ c-shaped
G) large dark stained nucleus (may appear to fill entire cell)
H) no nucleus only cytoplasm, dark speckles between RBC

25
Q

What does the term ‘blast’ mean ?

A

Immature RBC

26
Q

Once a reticulocyte, how long does it take for all RNA to be removed?

A

1-2 days

27
Q

What is the largest mature blood cell?

A

Monocytes/macrophages

28
Q

What is Haemostasis?

A

Process to prevent and stop bleeding

29
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

WBC w a nucleus
Granular: neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils
Non granular: monocytes and lymphocytes

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