L14 Flashcards
Plasma is the extracellular matrix of the blood, what are the components of the matrix?
- water
- protein
- remaining ions, gasses, vitamins, and organic molecules
The ECF is _______ in comparison to interstitial fluid but has plasma proteins
Identical
What are the four organic molecule proteins that blood consists of? Explain their functions
Albumins- carrier for substances, major contributor to plasma colloid osmotic pressure
Globulins- clotting factor, enzymes, antibodies, carrier for substances
Fibrogens- forms fibre threads essential for blood clotting
Trasnferrins- ions transport
What are red blood cells?
Erthrocytes that transport oxygen from lungs to tissue, transport CO2 from tissue to lungs
What are platelets?
Thrombocytes that are cell fragments and have spilt off from megakaryotcytes
What are white blood cells? Name and describe the 5 type of WBCs.
Look! My Neck Even Broke!
White blood cells are called leukocytes, their key role is within the immune system. The five type are:
- Lymphocytes- immunocytes, produce response against invaders
- Monocytes- develop in macrophages, once migrated into tissue
- Neutrophils- phagocytes and granulocytes ingest pathogens
- Eosinophils- granulocytes, these produce toxic components
- Basophils- granulocytes, tissue basophils are called mast cells
What is hematopoisis? Why is bone marrow red?
Hematopoiesis is the production of new blood cells. Bone marrow is red because it contains hemoglobin which is 25% RBC and 75% WBC
What is hematopoiesis controlled by?
This is controlled by cytokines which peptide or proteins released from one cell affects growth of activity of another. These are made on demand.
What do the following acronyms means? CSF, TPO, and EPO?
CSF= colony stimulating factor, this regulates leukopoiesis= production of WBC
TPO= thrombopoietin, which regulates platelet production
EPO= Erythopoietin, which regulates erythropoiesis= this is the production of RBC cells and the stimulus for release of hypoxia
What are the characteristics of erythrocytes?
- mature RBCs that lack nucleus
- no membrane organelle
- rely on glycolysis for ATP
- cannot make their own proteins or enzymes
- flexible biconcave disk
What is hematocrit?
This is the ratio of RBC to plasma, it is expressed as a percentage
What does bone marrow consist of?
Consist of blood cells in different stages of development and supporting tissue known as stroma
Explain the 9 steps for hemoglobin and iron binding
- iron ingested from diet
- Iron absorbed by active transport
- Transferrin protein transports iron into plasma
- Bone marrow uses iron to make hemoglobin by RBC synthesis
- RBC lives for 120 days
- Spleen destroys RBC and converts it to billrubin
- Billrubin and waste are excreted in urine/feces
- Liver metabolizes billrubin and excretes it into bile
- Liver stores excess Fe as ferritin
What is Anema?
This is hemoglobin that is too low in levels
Explain some characteristics of megakaryocytes and platelets
- cell fragments form megakaryocytes
- platelets have no nucleus
- smaller than RBCs (contain mitochondria, ER, smooth ER, vesicles)
- 10 day lifespan
- these are important for stopping blood loss and immunity and inflammation
Hemostasis prevents loss from damaged vessels, explain the three phrases of how it does this
Phase 1: vasoconstriction
Phase 2: platelet plug begins with platelet adhesion (Decrease blood flow) and exposed collagen and tissue factor leads to a clot (coagulation cascade)
Phase 3: thrombus occurs (excessive blood clotting, this leads to thrombus)
What is the release platelet activation factor?
Thromboxane A2
List the four steps in platelet plug formation
- Exposed collagen binds and activates platelets
- Release of platelet factor
- Factor attracts more platelets
- Platelets aggregate into platelet plug
Collagen: describe its source of synthesis (or release), activation, and role in platelet formation
Source: subendothelial extracellular matrix
Activation: injury exposes platelet to collagen
Role: binds platelets to begin platelet plug
Platelet activating factor: explain is source of synthesis (or release), it’s activation, role in platelet formation, and other roles
Source: platelet neutrophils
Activation: platelet activation
Role in formation: platelet aggregation
Other: plays a role in inflammation
Thromboaxine A2: name it’s source of synthesis (or release), activation and role of platelet formation, also any other roles
Source: phospholipid in platelet membrane
Activation: platelet activating factor
Role in platelet formation: platelet aggregation
Other roles: vasoconstriction
There are two pathways to coagulation, name them
Intrinsic pathway: known as contact activation (begins with tissue being exposed to collagen)
Extrinsic pathway: known as cell injury pathway
What is the common pathway of coagulation?
This is where thrombin converts fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin. Polymers and fibrin become apart of the clot.
Both of the pathways of coagulation converge to activate throbin, intrinsic only occurs when _____ is exposed. Extrinsic is when ______ are exposed.
Collagen, tissues
After coagulation, what happens to plasminogen?
Plasminogen gets converted into active forms of plasma via TPA.
What are the two mechanisms that limit extent of clotting?
- Inhibition of platelet adhesion
2. Inhibition of the coagulation cascade and fibrin production
What are the three endogenous anticoagulants?
Heparin, antithrobin III, and protein C
What is Hemophilla?
Several diseases in which one of the factors in the coagulation cascade is defective or lacking.
