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KPE260 > L14 > Flashcards

L14 Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma is the extracellular matrix of the blood, what are the components of the matrix?

A
  • water
  • protein
  • remaining ions, gasses, vitamins, and organic molecules
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2
Q

The ECF is _______ in comparison to interstitial fluid but has plasma proteins

A

Identical

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3
Q

What are the four organic molecule proteins that blood consists of? Explain their functions

A

Albumins- carrier for substances, major contributor to plasma colloid osmotic pressure
Globulins- clotting factor, enzymes, antibodies, carrier for substances
Fibrogens- forms fibre threads essential for blood clotting
Trasnferrins- ions transport

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4
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

Erthrocytes that transport oxygen from lungs to tissue, transport CO2 from tissue to lungs

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5
Q

What are platelets?

A

Thrombocytes that are cell fragments and have spilt off from megakaryotcytes

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6
Q

What are white blood cells? Name and describe the 5 type of WBCs.

Look! My Neck Even Broke!

A

White blood cells are called leukocytes, their key role is within the immune system. The five type are:

  1. Lymphocytes- immunocytes, produce response against invaders
  2. Monocytes- develop in macrophages, once migrated into tissue
  3. Neutrophils- phagocytes and granulocytes ingest pathogens
  4. Eosinophils- granulocytes, these produce toxic components
  5. Basophils- granulocytes, tissue basophils are called mast cells
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7
Q

What is hematopoisis? Why is bone marrow red?

A

Hematopoiesis is the production of new blood cells. Bone marrow is red because it contains hemoglobin which is 25% RBC and 75% WBC

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8
Q

What is hematopoiesis controlled by?

A

This is controlled by cytokines which peptide or proteins released from one cell affects growth of activity of another. These are made on demand.

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9
Q

What do the following acronyms means? CSF, TPO, and EPO?

A

CSF= colony stimulating factor, this regulates leukopoiesis= production of WBC

TPO= thrombopoietin, which regulates platelet production

EPO= Erythopoietin, which regulates erythropoiesis= this is the production of RBC cells and the stimulus for release of hypoxia

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of erythrocytes?

A
  • mature RBCs that lack nucleus
  • no membrane organelle
  • rely on glycolysis for ATP
  • cannot make their own proteins or enzymes
  • flexible biconcave disk
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11
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

This is the ratio of RBC to plasma, it is expressed as a percentage

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12
Q

What does bone marrow consist of?

A

Consist of blood cells in different stages of development and supporting tissue known as stroma

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13
Q

Explain the 9 steps for hemoglobin and iron binding

A
  1. iron ingested from diet
  2. Iron absorbed by active transport
  3. Transferrin protein transports iron into plasma
  4. Bone marrow uses iron to make hemoglobin by RBC synthesis
  5. RBC lives for 120 days
  6. Spleen destroys RBC and converts it to billrubin
  7. Billrubin and waste are excreted in urine/feces
  8. Liver metabolizes billrubin and excretes it into bile
  9. Liver stores excess Fe as ferritin
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14
Q

What is Anema?

A

This is hemoglobin that is too low in levels

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15
Q

Explain some characteristics of megakaryocytes and platelets

A
  • cell fragments form megakaryocytes
  • platelets have no nucleus
  • smaller than RBCs (contain mitochondria, ER, smooth ER, vesicles)
  • 10 day lifespan
  • these are important for stopping blood loss and immunity and inflammation
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16
Q

Hemostasis prevents loss from damaged vessels, explain the three phrases of how it does this

A

Phase 1: vasoconstriction
Phase 2: platelet plug begins with platelet adhesion (Decrease blood flow) and exposed collagen and tissue factor leads to a clot (coagulation cascade)
Phase 3: thrombus occurs (excessive blood clotting, this leads to thrombus)

17
Q

What is the release platelet activation factor?

A

Thromboxane A2

18
Q

List the four steps in platelet plug formation

A
  1. Exposed collagen binds and activates platelets
  2. Release of platelet factor
  3. Factor attracts more platelets
  4. Platelets aggregate into platelet plug
19
Q

Collagen: describe its source of synthesis (or release), activation, and role in platelet formation

A

Source: subendothelial extracellular matrix
Activation: injury exposes platelet to collagen
Role: binds platelets to begin platelet plug

20
Q

Platelet activating factor: explain is source of synthesis (or release), it’s activation, role in platelet formation, and other roles

A

Source: platelet neutrophils
Activation: platelet activation
Role in formation: platelet aggregation
Other: plays a role in inflammation

21
Q

Thromboaxine A2: name it’s source of synthesis (or release), activation and role of platelet formation, also any other roles

A

Source: phospholipid in platelet membrane
Activation: platelet activating factor
Role in platelet formation: platelet aggregation
Other roles: vasoconstriction

22
Q

There are two pathways to coagulation, name them

A

Intrinsic pathway: known as contact activation (begins with tissue being exposed to collagen)
Extrinsic pathway: known as cell injury pathway

23
Q

What is the common pathway of coagulation?

A

This is where thrombin converts fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin. Polymers and fibrin become apart of the clot.

24
Q

Both of the pathways of coagulation converge to activate throbin, intrinsic only occurs when _____ is exposed. Extrinsic is when ______ are exposed.

A

Collagen, tissues

25
Q

After coagulation, what happens to plasminogen?

A

Plasminogen gets converted into active forms of plasma via TPA.

26
Q

What are the two mechanisms that limit extent of clotting?

A
  1. Inhibition of platelet adhesion

2. Inhibition of the coagulation cascade and fibrin production

27
Q

What are the three endogenous anticoagulants?

A

Heparin, antithrobin III, and protein C

28
Q

What is Hemophilla?

A

Several diseases in which one of the factors in the coagulation cascade is defective or lacking.

KPE260 (7 decks)

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