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KPE260 > L13 > Flashcards

L13 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the elastic systemic Arteries?

A

These are a pressure reserve that maintains blood flow during ventricular relaxation

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2
Q

Arterioles are the site of variable resistance, what do they do to maintain this resistance/decrease it?

A

Arterioles adjust their diameter

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3
Q

What do systemic veins serve as?

A

These serve as an expendable volume reserve

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4
Q

What side of the heart allows for material exchange?

A

The right side of the heart

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5
Q

What two components do blood vessels have? What are their function?

A

Blood vessels contain smooth muscle and elastic fiberous connective tissue:

Smooth muscle: regulates pressure
Elastic tissues: returning to normal state after stretch

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6
Q

Wall thickness varies in different vessels, the more ____ the vessel is, the ____ exchange of materials take place.

A

The more thin the vessel is, the greater exchange of material takes place

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7
Q

What is the inner most layer of blood vessels made of? What are the five function?

A

The inner most layer is endothelium which:

  • acts as a barrier
  • secretes paracrine factors
  • regulates blood pressure
  • regulates vessel growth
  • regulates absorption
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8
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

This is a state of partial contraction, there is always a contraction occurring in blood vessels.

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9
Q

Describe the characteristics of arteries

A
  • these are a key component in elasticity
  • act as a pressure reservoir
  • has a thick layer of vascular smooth muscles
  • lots of elastic and fiberous tissues
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10
Q

Describe the characteristics of arterioles

A
  • site of variable resistance
  • part of microcirculation
  • less elastic and more muscular
  • several layers of smooth muscle that act for constriction and relaxation
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11
Q

Describe the characteristics of metarterioles

A
  • branches of arterioles
  • partial smooth muscle layer
  • controls if blood goes into capillaries, acts as a bypass mechanism
  • precapillary sphincters open and close to direct blood flow
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12
Q

What occurs during ventricular contraction? What is the beginning phase?

A
  • contraction of the ventricles pushes blood into elastic arteries causing a stretch
  • beginnings phase is ventricular contraction
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13
Q

What occurs during ventricular relaxation? What’s the beginning phase?

A
  • elastic recoil in the arteries maintain driving pressure during ventricular diastole
  • beginning phase is isovolumetric relaxation
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14
Q

When precapillary sphincters _______, blood flows through the capillary into the blood

A

Relax/dilate

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15
Q

When precapillary sphincters _______, blood flow bypasses capillaries completely and flows to metarterioles

A

Constrict

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16
Q

What is the primary site of interstitial fluid and blood exchange?

A

The capillaries

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17
Q

Describe the characteristics of the capillary walls

A
  • more thin, less area to cross means more efficient
  • lacks smooth muscles
  • flat layer of endothelium
  • basal lamina
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18
Q

Describe the characteristics of pericytes

A
  • highly branched contractile cells associated with capillaries
  • contribute to capillary impermeability
  • secrete paracrine factors that promote vascular growth and differentiation
  • MORE PERICYTES for a more secure area so it doesnt leak.
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19
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

This is the development of new blood vessels (can cause spreading of a disease)

  • necessary for normal development
  • enhances heart and skeletal muscle blood flow
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20
Q

What is angiogenesis controlled by? What’s it inhibited by?

A

It is controlled by cytokines and promoted by vascular endothelial factor and fibroblast growth factors.
- its inhibited by angiostatin and endostatin

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21
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

Pulse pressure measures strength pressure wave produced by ventricular contraction

Systolic pressure- diastolic pressure

(This decreases over distance due to friction)

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22
Q

What is mean arterial pressure? What are the two types?

A

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

This represents the driving force. There are two types:

Hypotension- lower than normal MAP
Hypertension- higher than normal MAP

23
Q

Volume of blood in arteries is determined by _______ and flow out

A

Is determined by input (cardiac output)

24
Q

As arterial volume increases ______ increases

A

Pressure increases. This applies both ways. As arterial volume decreases pressure decreases.

25
Q

If flow exceeds flow ____ (of) aorta then blood volume ______ and MAP increases

A

Out, increases

Vice versa can occur

26
Q

Blood volume is relatively constant, change in blood volume affects blood pressure in the following ways:

Blood volume ____, pressure ______, / Blood volume ____, pressure _____

A

Increases, increases / decreases, decreases

27
Q

MAP is determined by 4 factors, list them.

A
  1. Blood volume
  2. Effectiveness of heart as pump
  3. Resistance of the system to blood flow
  4. Distribution of blood between arteries/veins
28
Q

Blood pressure control includes _____ responses from cardiovascular system and _____ responses from the kidneys

A

Rapid, slower

29
Q

Arterioles have a resistance that is influenced by what?

A

Local and systemic control mechanisms (local control, sympathetic control, reflexes, hormones)

30
Q

What do myogenics autoregulation adjust?

A

These adjust the blood flow which allows for vascular smooth muscles to regulate its own state of contraction.

31
Q

Paracrine signals influence vascular smooth muscles, list more of their characteristics

A
  • these secrete NO, which is a major signal in hypertension (which blocks airway)
  • kinins and histamines are a potential vasodilator
  • metabolic influences causes active vs reactive hypermia
32
Q

What is hypermia? What are the two types?

A

This is a locally mediated increase in blood flow.

Active hypermia- direct matching of blood flow to increased metabolism
Reactive hypermia- follows a period of decreased blood flow

33
Q

Neural and hormonal signals have three types:

A
  • atrial nativertic peptide (this occurs in contraction)
  • angiotensin II
  • vasopressin (ADH)
34
Q

Characteristics of sympathetic control on vascular smooth muscle

A
  • adrenal medially releases epinephrine into blood
  • epinephrine binds to alpha and beta receptors
  • binds alpha receptors with very low affinity—> vasoconstriction
    Binds beta 2 receptors on vascular smooth muscles of heart, liver and sketch muscle arteries which causes—> vasodilation
35
Q

What is arteriole diameter controlled by?

A

Tonic release of norepinephrine

36
Q

Blood distribution ____ according to metabolic need of individuals tissues

A

Varies

37
Q

Two factors that govern distribution of blood

A

Local control mechanism and homeostatic reflexes

38
Q

The flow in aorta is equal to _____ in all arterioles due to branching

A

The flow

39
Q

What do individual arterioles regulate on their own?

A

They regulate their own flow by compensation in remaining arteries

40
Q

What is the importance of the Cardiovascular Control Centre?

A

It’s contains the baroreceptor reflex that controls blood pressure, these produce continuous tonic action potential

41
Q

Wha triggers the baroreceptor flex? Explain how.

A

Orthostatic hypertension triggers this reflex, this decreases in blood pressure due to postural change. Failure to compensate may lead to lack of O2 delivery.

42
Q

What is the intrinsic rate of the heartbeat modulated by?

A

This is modulated by sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. The blood vessel diameter is under tonic control by the sympathetic division

43
Q

Difference between continuous and fenstrated capillaries

A 
Continuous= have a leaky junction 
Fenstrated= larger pores
44
Q

Describe what happens with velocity of the blood flow in capillaries

A
  • constant rate of flow, velocity of flow is higher in smaller diameter tubes
  • velocity of blood flow is lowest in capillaries
  • total cross sectional area of capillaries is primary determinate of velocity
45
Q

___ flow in artery system, ___ flow in capillaries and venules

A

Fastest, slowest

46
Q

Exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid occur by what?

A

Paracelluallar pathways and endothelial transport

47
Q

Describe movement by diffusion

A

This is small dissolved solutes and gases that depend on lipid solubility and concentration gradients

48
Q

Describe the vesicular transport method

A

This carries large solutes and proteins via transocytosis

49
Q

Describe what occurs during filtration

A
  • this is where fluid movement is out of capillaries
  • this had pressure laterally or against gradients
  • if hydrostatic pressure increases (or is greater) filtration occurs
  • caused by hydrostatic pressure—> which decreases with distance
50
Q

Describe what happens during absorption

A
  • Fluid movement into capillaries
  • caused by colloid pressure
  • due to presence of proteins in fluid that attract back into system
51
Q

Net filtration at atrial end occurs when _______

Net absorption at Venus end occurs when______

A

Hydrostatic pressure> osmotic colloid

Hydrostatic pressure

52
Q

A net average of ___L per day of fluid is filtered out of the capillaries

A

3

53
Q

An increase in hydrostatic pressure ______

A decrease in colloid osmotic pressure ______

A

Forces fluids out of capillary

Forces fluids into capillary

54
Q

What is Edema?

A

This is an accumulation of fluid in the intestinal space. Inadequate drainage of Lymph or filtration greater than absorption.

KPE260 (7 decks)

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