L14

Question 1

What do we mean by Neoplasia ? And what is it

Answer 1

new growth and it is uncontrolled cell division non responsive to growth controls
- Pathologic, Progressive, Purposeless,
Endless, Proliferation of cells characterized by
loss of control over cell division

Question 2

What is the definition of neoplasm ?

Answer 2

is an abnormal mass of tissue the
growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated
with that of the normal tissues and persists in
the same excessive manner after the cessation
of the stimuli which evoked the change.

Question 3

‏?What is the origin of all neoplasms

Answer 3

‏The origin of all neoplasms is genetic changes that allow excessive and unregulated proliferation

Question 4

‏ ?How do neoplasms proliferate

Answer 4

‏The proliferation is independent of physiologic growth-regulatory stimuli

Question 5

How do neoplastic cells grow?

Answer 5

‏Neoplastic cells grow autonomously and steadily increase in size regardless of their local environment and the nutritional status of the host

Question 6

‏?Do neoplasms depend on the host

Answer 6

‏Yes, all neoplasms depend on the host for their nutrition and blood supply

Question 7

‏?What is the origin of neoplasms

Answer 7

‏Neoplasms are of monoclonal origin: the parenchymal cells in a neoplasm, whether benign or malignant, resemble each other, as though all had been derived from a single progenitor

Question 8

‏?Are genetic alterations in cancer cells passed on

Answer 8

‏Yes, genetic alterations in cancer cells are heritable, being passed to daughter cells upon cell division

Question 9

‏What are mutations and epigenetic alterations in cancer cells ?

Answer 9

‏Mutations and epigenetic alterations convey to cancer cells are referred to as cancer hallmarks

Question 10

What do you know about CANCER ?

Answer 10

 Common term for all malignant tumors
 Crab
 Malignant tumor

Question 11

Histogenesis of Tumors?

Answer 11

Epithelial tissues: Stratified squamous Glands or ducts Respiratory passagesNeuroectodermRenal epitheliumLiver cells Urinary tractPlacental (trophoblast) Germ cells

Mesenchymal tissues: Connective tissue and derivatives Endothelial and related tissues Blood cells and related tissues Lymphoid tissue Muscle – smooth or striated Bone, cartilage & synovium

Question 12

‏What is a characteristic of benign tumors regarding their ability to spread?

Answer 12

‏ tumors remain localized and cannot spread

Question 13

How are benign tumors treated?

Answer 13

Benign tumors are treated by local surgical excision

Question 14

‏What is the growth rate of benign tumors?

Answer 14

‏Benign tumors grow slowly

Question 15

‏Do benign tumors have a capsule ?

Answer 15

Yes, usually Capsulated capsule result from compression of tumor, to surrounding cells, it consists of extracellular matrix that is deposited by stromal cells due to hypoxic damage to parenchymal cells.

Question 16

‏How are the cells of benign tumors differentiated?

Answer 16

They Histologically composed of well differentiated cells ie resemble tissue of origin (The differentiation of parenchymal cells refers to the extent to which tumor resemble the tissue of origin morphologically and functionally)

Question 17

‏What is the survival outlook for patients with benign tumors?

Answer 17

‏patient generally survives when diagnosed with a benign tumor

Question 18

Can benign tumors produce significant morbidity or be lethal?

Answer 18

Benign tumors produce localized lumps, sometimes they produce significant morbidity or are even lethal.

Question 19

?‏ malignant tumors usually encapsulate

Answer 19

No, malignant tumors are usually not encapsulated

Question 20

How do malignant tumors grow?
‏

Answer 20

They grow by progressive infiltration (invasion), destruction, and penetration of the surrounding tissue.

Question 21

‏?Are malignant tumors associated with necrosis

Answer 21

‏Yes, malignant tumors grow quickly and are often associated with necrosis

Question 22

‏?Do malignant tumors metastasize

Answer 22

‏Yes, malignant tumors spread to distant sites (metastasize)

Question 23

‏What is the prognosis for malignant tumors?

Answer 23

‏The prognosis ranges from good to poor, depending on various factors.

Question 24

‏Can malignant tumors cause death? If so, how

Answer 24

‏Yes, malignant tumors can invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread to distant sites, leading to death.

Question 25

What are the cytologic features of malignant neoplasms?

Answer 25

‏The cytologic features of malignant neoplasms include increased nuclear size (with increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio - N/C ratio),
variation in nuclear or cell size (pleomorphism), lack of differentiation (anaplasia),
increased nuclear DNA content with subsequent dark staining on H&E slides (hyperchromatism), prominent nucleoli or irregular chromatin distribution within nuclei,
and increased mitoses and abnormal mitoses (especially irregular or bizarre mitoses).

Question 26

What does increased nuclear size and nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio (N/C ratio) indicate in malignant tumors?

Answer 26

‏Increased nuclear size, along with an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio (N/C ratio), is a characteristic feature of malignant tumors

Question 27

What is pleomorphism in the context of malignant neoplasms?

Answer 27

‏Pleomorphism refers to the variation in nuclear or cell size, which is commonly observed in malignant neoplasms.

Question 28

How can malignant neoplasms vary in terms of differentiation?

Answer 28

‏Malignant neoplasms can range from well-differentiated (resembling normal tissue) to completely undifferentiated (anaplastic).

Question 29

What does lack of differentiation (anaplasia) signify in a tumor?

Answer 29

‏ Lack of differentiation, or anaplasia, refers to a state where the tumor cells lose the characteristics of normal cells and show abnormal features

Question 30

What is hyperchromatism, and how is it related to malignant tumors?

Answer 30

‏Hyperchromatism is an increased nuclear DNA content, which results in dark staining on H&E (Hematoxylin and Eosin) slides, a feature commonly seen in malignant tumors

Question 31

What role do nucleoli play in identifying malignant tumors?

Answer 31

‏Prominent nucleoli are often seen in malignant tumors, which may also show irregular chromatin distribution within the nuclei

Question 32

What is the significance of increased mitoses in malignant tumors?

Answer 32

‏ An increase in mitoses, particularly abnormal or bizarre mitoses, is a key feature of malignant neoplasms and indicates uncontrolled cell division

Question 33

What is the Different between Benign and Malignant tumors?

Answer 33

Benign tumour: Well circumscribed,
⦿ Usually small in size,
⦿ Slow growing,
⦿ Capsulated,
⦿ Non-invasive,
⦿ No hge. and necrosis,
⦿ Do not metastasize,
⦿ Well differentiated,
⦿ Suffix “oma” eg. Fibroma

Malignant:
⦿ Poorly circumscribed,
⦿ Usually larger in size,
⦿ Fast growing,
⦿ Not capsulated,
⦿ Invasive & infiltrative,
⦿ Hge and necrosis,
⦿ Metastasize,
⦿ Poorly differentiated,
⦿ Suffix “carcinoma” or “sarcoma”

Question 34

‏What are the two basic components of all tumors, both benign and malignant?

Answer 34

All tumors, whether benign or malignant, have two basic components:
1. Parenchyma: Made up of transformed or neoplastic cells.
2. Stroma: The supporting, host-derived, non-neoplastic component made up of connective tissue, blood vessels, and host-derived inflammatory cells.

Question 35

‏What is the parenchyma of a tumor made up of?

Answer 35

‏The parenchyma of a tumor is made up of transformed or neoplastic cells

Question 36

‏What is the stroma of a tumor made up of?

Answer 36

‏The stroma of a tumor is made up of connective tissue, blood vessels, and host-derived inflammatory cells

Question 37

‏Why is the stroma important for tumor growth?

Answer 37

‏The stroma is crucial for tumor growth because it provides the blood supply and supports the growth of parenchymal cells.

Question 38

‏What is the general principle for naming benign tumors?

Answer 38

‏Benign tumors are generally named by adding the suffix “-oma” to the cell type from which the tumor arises.

Question 39

‏How are benign tumors arising in mesenchymal tissue named?

Answer 39

‏Benign tumors arising in mesenchymal tissue are named as follows:
‏ • A benign tumor arising in fibrous tissue is called a fibroma.
‏ • A benign cartilaginous tumor is called a chondroma.

Question 40

‏How are benign epithelial tumors named based on their macroscopic pattern?

Answer 40

‏Benign epithelial tumors are named based on their macroscopic pattern as follows:
‏ • Papillomas are benign epithelial neoplasms that grow on any surface and produce microscopic or macroscopic finger-like fronds.
‏ • A polyp is a mass that projects above a mucosal surface, such as in the gut, forming a macroscopically visible structure.
‏ • Cystadenomas are tumors that form large cystic masses, such as in the ovary.

Question 41

‏How are benign epithelial tumors named based on their microscopic pattern?

Answer 41

‏Based on the microscopic pattern, the term adenoma is applied to benign epithelial neoplasms that produce glandular patterns or to neoplasms derived from glands but not necessarily exhibiting glandular patterns.

Question 42

What are malignant neoplasms arising in mesenchymal tissue or its derivatives called?

Answer 42

Malignant neoplasms arising in mesenchymal tissue or its derivatives are called sarcomas.

Question 43

What is an example of a malignant neoplasm of fibrous tissue origin?

Answer 43

A malignant neoplasm of fibrous tissue origin is called a fibrosarcoma.

Question 44

What is a malignant neoplasm composed of chondrocytes called?

Answer 44

A malignant neoplasm composed of chondrocytes is called a chondrosarcoma.

Question 45

What do we call a malignant neoplasm composed of fat-like cells?

Answer 45

A malignant neoplasm composed of fat-like cells is called a liposarcoma.

Question 46

What is the term for malignant neoplasms arising from the mesenchymal cells of the blood?

Answer 46

Malignant neoplasms arising from the mesenchymal cells of the blood are called leukemias or lymphomas.

Question 47

What are malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin called?

Answer 47

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin are called carcinomas.

Question 48

What are carcinomas that grow in a glandular pattern called?

Answer 48

Carcinomas that grow in a glandular pattern are called adenocarcinomas.

Question 49

What are carcinomas that arise from squamous cells called?

Answer 49

Carcinomas that arise from squamous cells are called squamous cell carcinomas.

Question 50

Can the tissue or organ of origin be identified in some malignant neoplasms?

Answer 50

Yes, in some cases, the tissue or organ of origin can be identified. For example, renal cell adenocarcinoma implies an origin from the kidneys, and cholangiocarcinoma implies an origin from the bile ducts.

Question 51

What are mixed tumors?

Answer 51

Mixed tumors are tumors (benign or malignant) in which cells undergo divergent differentiation.

Question 52

Are mixed tumors monoclonal in origin?

Answer 52

Yes, mixed tumors are of monoclonal origin, but the progenitor cell has the capacity to differentiate into more than one lineage.

Question 53

Give examples of mixed tumors?

Answer 53

• Pleomorphic adenoma: A mixed tumor of the salivary gland.
• Fibroadenoma: A mixed tumor of the female breast.
• Teratoma: A tumor originating from totipotential stem cells in the ovary and testis.

Question 54

What is the origin of teratomas?

Answer 54

Teratomas originate from totipotential stem cells, which are normally present in the ovary and testis.

Question 55

What is the differentiation capacity of totipotential stem cells in teratomas?

Answer 55

Totipotential stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into any of the cell types found in the adult body.

Question 56

What are the components of pleomorphic adenoma?

Answer 56

• Pleomorphic adenoma contains:
• Obvious epithelial components dispersed throughout a fibromyxoid stroma.
• Sometimes, it harbors islands of cartilage or bone.

Question 57

What is fibroadenoma?

Answer 57

• Fibroadenoma is a benign tumor that contains:
• A mixture of proliferated ductal elements (adenoma).
• Embedded in loose fibrous tissue (fibroma).

Question 58

What types of tissues can be found in teratomas?

Answer 58

• Teratomas are composed of:
• Bone, epithelium, muscle, fat, nerve, and other tissues.

Question 59

Where are teratomas typically found?

Answer 59

Teratomas are typically found in the ovary and testis.

Question 60

Are fibroadenomas benign or malignant?

Answer 60

Fibroadenomas are benign tumors.

Question 61

Do pleomorphic adenomas contain cartilage or bone?

Answer 61

Yes, pleomorphic adenomas sometimes contain islands of cartilage or bone.

Question 62

Can mixed tumors differentiate into more than one lineage?

Answer 62

Yes, mixed tumors can differentiate into more than one lineage due to the capacity of their progenitor cells.