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BMS381 Developmental Neurobiology > L13 - Trust, Agression & Addiction > Flashcards

L13 - Trust, Agression & Addiction Flashcards

1
Q

What type of neurones are found in the PVN

A

Vasopressin (VP)

Oxytocin (OXC)

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2
Q

Many axons of VP and OXC neurones project to _________ (AKA ___________) and release these hormones ….

A

Posterior pituitary
Neurohypothysis

Secrete directly into the bloodstream

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3
Q

OXC and VP neurones also form ________ to

A

Central circuits

Stimulate neurones in other regions that express OxtR and AVPR

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4
Q

VP important in

A

Kidney function

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5
Q

Oxt important in

A

Parturition and lactation

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6
Q

More recent studies show a role for Oxt and AVP in

A

Directing social behaviours through complex interactions with other brain regions

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7
Q

What model system did Carter and Young study - why?

A

Prairie voles

Some strains form very close pair bonds and males show good paternal behaviour

Some voles dont form the pair bonds and males are hihgly polygamous and ignore their offspring

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8
Q

Describe where OxtR are found in highly pair bonded animals

A

In regions that govern addictive behaviours

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9
Q

Title of the paper in the trust lecture

A

Microsatellite instability generates diversity in brain and socio-behavoural traits

Hammock // Young

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10
Q

What is the AVP gene controlled by

A

A microsatellite lying upstream of the first exon

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11
Q

What is a microsatellite

A

Non coding region - enhancer like

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12
Q

How does the microsatellitee vary in different animals

A

Different voles have different numbers of the repeats so it is longer/shorter

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13
Q

What does the lenght of the microsatellite determine

A

How the gene is regulated

Longer the microsatellite the more gene will be produced

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14
Q

What were the behavoural differences between voles with long and short microsatellites

A

No difference in nesting, nursing posture or maternal pup grooming

SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE in paternal pup grooming - voles with long microsatellite sequence lick and groom longer

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15
Q

Describe the effects of long and short microsatellites on social recognition and behaviour

A

Long males - more likely to investigate social stimulus and spend longer investigated - no dif when stimulus is a non-social odour

Long males - more social approaches made rapidlty

Long males - spend more time with original partner

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16
Q

Long microsatellite =

Hypothesis:

A

More socaible

Long microsatellites alter receptor activity

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17
Q

What was the data to suppoort the hypothesis of satellites alter receptor levels

A

Associaited with robus genotype differences in V1aR biding in brains

In brain regions associated with addiciton a long allele confererred a higher level of receptor binding

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18
Q

Link the results to humans

A

Cryptic microsatellite found in humans and other apes

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19
Q

Describe what was seen in Walum et al paper

A

In humans vasopressin receptor 1a gene comes in a number of forms.

Men who had two copies of one form of the gene - RS3 334 less likely to be married and more liekly to report difficulties in releationships (partners also more likely to report)

20
Q

A balance between ______ and ___________ govern ______________

A

Oxytocin
VP

Social behaviours

21
Q

Imbalance of OXt and Vp =

A

Effects on health and well being

22
Q

From Scott et al …

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expressing neurones in the anteroventral periventricular nucelus in mouse hypothalamus are more numerous in …

A

Virgin females and males

23
Q

From Scott et al …

TH expressing neurones govern…

A

Paternal behaviours in a sex specific manner

24
Q

From Scott et al …

Effects of ablating TH neurones in females

Effects of optogenetically (or increased expression) activating TH neurones in females

A

Imparis maternal behaviour

Enhance maternal care

25
Q

From Scott et al …

The cluster of TH neurones in males is important in what?

A

No effect on paternal behaviour but SUPPRESSES INTRA MALE AGRESSION

26
Q

From Scott et al …

effect on hypothalamus of activiating or increasing expression of Th neurones in female mice

effect of ablating

A

Increases circulating oxytocin

Reduces oxytocin levels

27
Q

From Scott et al …

Connections made by AVPV TH neruones

A

TH neurones from AVPV relay a monosynaptic input to oxytocin-expression neurones in the PVN.

28
Q

From Scott et al …

Findings from whole paper

A

TH neurones in AVPV in the control of maternal care and oxytocin secretion

Casual relationship beteen sexual dimorphism in the adult brain and sex behaviours

29
Q

From Scott et al …

TECH for gain of function

TECH for loss of function

A

Optogentic - transfection ChR

Conditional KO - Cre/LoxP system
Flox gene

30
Q

What transcription factors interct to confer telencephalic and hypothalamic identities

A

Foxg1 and Foxd1

31
Q

How do Foxg1 and Foxd1 interact

A

They repress each other

32
Q

What identity does Foxg1 confer

A

Telencephalon

33
Q

What identity does Foxd1 confer

A

Hypothalamic

34
Q

What do Foxd1 progenitors commit to

A

Hypothalamix neuroal identities

35
Q

Foxg1 codes for a TF essential for ________ dev

Its absencse is __________ but heterozygotes __________ but display

A

Telencephalic

Lethal (when -/-)
Viable

Microcephaly, altered hippocampal neurogenesis
Behavoiural and cognitive defects

36
Q

From Frullanti paper…

How did they evaluate effects of Foxg1 alteration

A

Expression profilling

37
Q

From Frullanti paper…

What did the exoression profilling show

A

Stat sig dif in expression levels of 466 transcripts

38
Q

From Frullanti paper…

What were some of the genes differentially expressed

A

Genes expressed in the basal ganglia and involved in the movement control

39
Q

From Frullanti paper…

altering Foxg1 lead to alteration of what genes in the hypothalamus

A

Oxt and AVP

Confirmed through qRT-PCR

40
Q

From Frullanti paper…

What gene was seen upregulated in Foxg1 +/-

A

Neuronatin (Nnat)

Suggests it is directly or indirectly supressed by Foxg1

41
Q

From Frullanti paper…

Roles of Nnat

A

Neuronal excitabiliyu, receptor trafficking and calcium depended signalling

42
Q

From Frullanti paper…

Where is Nnat usually expresd

A

Paravalbumin-positive GABAergic interneurones

43
Q

From Frullanti paper…

Sum up the results from this paper

A

Overexpression of a group of neuropeptides in the basal ganglia, hypothalamus, cortex and hippocampus in the pathogenesis FoxG1 behavioural impariements

44
Q

From Frullanti paper…

What genes were increased in FoxG1 heterozygotes

A

Oxt, Nnat and AVP

45
Q

From Frullanti paper…

How were the results of gene upregulation validated?

A

Using immunohistochmeistry - VISUALISE THE PROTEIN

BMS381 Developmental Neurobiology (16 decks)

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