L13: Social Factors in health promotion Flashcards

1
Q

How did health promotion come about?

A

Public health developed to change the physical environment
Health education→ targeted individual behaviour
Health promotion→ broader approach which includes education and public health→ targets everyone and includes political and social side

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2
Q

What are the different types of health promotion?

A
Medical or preventive 
Behaviour change
Educational 
Empowerment 
Social change
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3
Q

What is the medical or preventive approach?

A

Inform doctors and patients about the link between behaviour and disease

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4
Q

What is the behaviour change approach?

A

Change activitities/ belief and approaches to it

For doctors and patients

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5
Q

What is the education approach?

A

Educate why we should change
Teach about the negative side of behaviour
Educate how we can change

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6
Q

What is the empowerment approach?

A

Encourage people, make them feel like they are actually achieving it
Give them an incentive
Make them see that it is possible

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7
Q

What is the social change approach?

A

Change peoples opinions
Social pressure and influence
Add a legal aspect→ enforce a social pressure

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8
Q

How is health promotion viewed from a sociological perspective?

A

3 different viewpoints
Structural critiques
Surveillance critiques
Consumption critiques

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9
Q

What is a structural critiques view?

A
Material conditions (e.g. economic wellbeing) that give rise to ill health are marginalised 
Focus on individual responsibility which may miss the point→ not everyone has the same access to things
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10
Q

What is a surveillance critiques view?

A

Monitoring and regulating the population
Is it ethically correct?
Should we limit treatment to those who don’t change behaviour?
Don’t have to be healthy if people don’t want to

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11
Q

What is the consumption critiques view?

A

Lifestyle choice not just seen as health ‘risk’ but also tied up with identity
Make choices on how we want to be identified as

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12
Q

What are some on the dilemmas around health promotion?

A

Should we interfere with peoples lives?
Potential psychological impact of health promotion?
Rights and choices?

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13
Q

Who’s ‘fault’ is poor health?

A
  • Promotion often focuses on individual behaviour change–> blame the individual
  • Structural and socio-economic changes are not often factor in
  • Plays down the impact of wider socioeconomic and environmental determinants of health
  • All influence the perceptions individuals have of their health and the choices they make
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14
Q

What is mistaken belief about empowerment?

A

Giving generic information does not automatically give them power to act on healthier choices
Unhealthy lifestyles not normally due to ignorance but due to adverse circumstances and wider socio-economic determinants of health → not always able to opt for the ‘healthier/ better’ choice

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15
Q

How can health promotion reinforce negative sterotypes?

A

Associates certain behaviours with certain groups or conditions
e.g. HIV prevention in drug users →blames drug users for HIV, why are they sharing needles? why are they using drugs? etc… doesn’t look at what made them start using drugs

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16
Q

What is another negative impact of health promotion?

A

Unequal distribution of responsibility
Implementing healthy behaviour in the family is often left up to women
Women do disproportionately more family work than men (cooking, cleaning, washing etc)

17
Q

What is the prevention paradox?

A

Intervention that make a difference at population level might not have much effect on the individual

18
Q

How does the prevention paradox and lay beliefs affect health promotion?

A

Person doesn’t think disease ‘applies’ to them they wont take the health promotion message on board
Awareness of anomalies and randomness will also impact views
Need to engage with lay beliefs to make a difference

19
Q

Why does health promotion need to be evaluated?

A
Evidence based interventions needed 
Accountability 
Evidence provides legitimacy→ get political support
Ethical obligation 
Ensure no direct or indirect harm 
Programme management and development
20
Q

What are the different types of health promotion?

A

Process
Impact
Outcome

21
Q

How does process evaluation work?

A

Assess the process of programme implementation
‘Formative’ or ‘illuminative’ evaluation
Employs wide range of mainly qualitative methods

22
Q

How does impact evaluation work?

A

Assess the immediate effects of the intervention

Popular choice of evaluation as it is easy to do

23
Q

How does outcome evaluation work?

A

Measure the long term consequences
What is achieved
Timing of evaluation can influence outcome
→ delay: some interventions take long time to have an effect
→ decay: some interventions wear off rapidly

24
Q

What are the difficulties with evaluation?

A

Difficult to demonstrate an effect becuase:

  • Possible lag time
  • Design of intervention
  • Potential intervening or concurrent confounding factors
  • High cost of evaluation research- studies are likely to be large scale and long term