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Anatomy - Lower limb > L13: Bones, ligaments and joints of foot and ankle > Flashcards

L13: Bones, ligaments and joints of foot and ankle Flashcards

1
Q

overview of foot

A

26 bones in total
7 tarsals
5 metatarsals
14 phalanges

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2
Q

tarsals

A

7 in total
proximal row:
talus
calcaneus
intermediate row:
navicular
cuboid
distal row:
cuneiform medial / intermediate / lateral

'’Tiger Cubs Need MILC’’

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3
Q

foot regions:
rearfoot

A

talus and calcaneus

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4
Q

foot regions:
midfoot

A

navicular
cuneiforms
cuboid

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5
Q

foot regions:
forefoot

A

metatarsals and phalanges

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6
Q

metatarsals

A

articulate with tarsals proximally and phalanges distally

numbered 1-5, 1=big toe, 5=little toe

features:
base
shaft
head

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7
Q

“March” fracture

A

metatarsal fracture
- repeated overuse
- bone healing cannot keep up
- bone becomes progressively weaker
- fracture occurs
- marching soldiers and long distance runners

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8
Q

phalanges

A

14 in total
big toe has 2 - proximal and distal
each other toe has 3 - proximal, middle and distal
features: base, shaft, head or tuberosity

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9
Q

movements of talocrural joint

A

dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

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10
Q

movements of subtalar joint and transverse tarsal joint

A

inversion and eversion

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11
Q

movements of tarsometatarsal joint

A

gliding movements

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12
Q

movements of metatarsophalangeal joints

A

flexion and extension, abduction and adduction

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13
Q

movements of interphalangeal joints

A

flexion and extension

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14
Q

anatomical subtalar joint

A

synovial joint
articulation between talus and calcaneus
allows for inversion and eversion of foot

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15
Q

anatomical subtalar joint
supported by what 4 ligaments:

A
  1. posterior talocalcaneal ligament
  2. medial talocalcaneal ligament
  3. lateral talocalcaneal ligament (LTL)
  4. interosseous talocalcaneal ligament (IOL)
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16
Q

functional subtalar joint consists of :

A
  • anatomical subtalar joint
  • talocalcaneonavicular joint
17
Q

transverse tarsal joint

A

this is a compound joint, formed by 2 separate joints aligned transversely

  • talonavicular part of the talonavicular joint (synovial)
  • calcaneocuboid joint (plane synovial)

at this joint, the mid and forefoot rotate as a unit on the hind foot

this joint augments foot inversion and eversion

18
Q

medial transverse tarsal joint

A

medial part - talocalcaneonavicular joint
- ball and socket synovial joint
- head of talus is ball shaped
- posterior navicular and anterior calcaneus are socker shaped

19
Q

medial transverse tarsal joint
ligaments

A
  • dorsal talonavicular ligament
  • spring ligament
    • aka plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
20
Q

lateral transverse tarsal joint

A

lateral part - calcaneocuboid joint
- plane synovial joint
- gliding movements occurs here between calcaneus and cuboid

21
Q

lateral transverse tarsal joint
ligaments:

A
  • dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament
  • long plantar ligament
    aka long calcaneocuboid ligament
  • short plantar ligament
    aka plantar calcaneocuboid ligament
22
Q

tarsometatarsal joint
(Lisfranc Joint)

A

articulation between tarsals and bases of metatarsals 1-5
- cuneiforms - metatarsals 1,2,3
- cuboid - metatarsals 4,5

plane synovial joints, gliding movements, separate joint capsules

23
Q

tarsometatarsal joint
ligaments

A

dorsal (8)
plantar (2)
interosseous (3)

24
Q

tarsometatarsal joint / lisfranc joint injuries

A

can be injured with relatively low energy forces - twist and fall

or high energy forces - direct trauma to foot

25
Q

intermetatarsal joints

A

plane synovial joints, between lateral metatarsals

NB: no joint between 1st and 2nd metatarsal

joint ligaments: many
- dorsal, plantar, interosseous

26
Q

metatarsophalangeal joint / MTP

A

synovial condyloid joints:
- flexion / extension
- abduction / adduction
- circumduction

27
Q

metatarsophalangeal joint / MTP
ligaments

A

collateral ligaments
plantar ligaments

28
Q

MTP joint injuries

A

most common place for MTP joint injuries is:
‘‘bunions’’ = hallux valgus

hallucis = of the large toe
valgus = deformed away from midline

29
Q

interphalangeal joints / IP joint

A

proximal and distal joints:
- proximal interphalangeal joint = PIP Joint
- Distal interphalangeal joint = DIP joint

synovial hinge joint

allow flexion and extension of digits

30
Q

foot arches

A

If feet were rigid, each impact with the ground would generate large forces of a short duration (shocks) and these would damage the skeletal system.
Arches distribute forces around the foot, acting both as shock absorbers and springboards
Arches are elastic and recoil when weight is taken off the foot.
There are 3 arches.

31
Q

medial longitudinal arch

A

highest arch, runs from heel to head of metatarsals 1-3

bony components:
- calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, metatarsals 1-3

ligamentous components:
- long plantar ligament
- short plantar ligament
- spring ligament
- plantar aponeurosis

32
Q

lateral longitudinal arch

A

lower and flatter than medial counterpart

bony components:
- calcaneus, cuboid, metatarsals 4+5

ligamentous components:
- long plantar ligament
- short plantar ligament
- plantar aponeurosis

33
Q

transverse arch

A

this is an arch that runs from side to side

bony components:
- cuneiforms, cuboid, metatarsal bases

prevents the foot from flattening in the side to side direction (splayfoot)

34
Q

when arches go bad…
Pes planus “flat foot, fallen arches”

A
  • collapsed longitudinal arches
  • talus and navicular displaces inferiorly
  • increases tension on spring ligament
  • deficient passive stabilisers, muscle work harder to compensate: pain in calf and foot
35
Q

when arches go bad…
pes cavus “high arches”

A
  • elevated longitudinal arches
  • excessive pressure placed on ball and heel of foot which will likely from calluses
  • associated with foot joint pain
36
Q

surface anatomy of foot

A
  • palpate your own calcaneal tendon
  • palpate your own medial and lateral malleolus
  • palpate your own medial and lateral longitudinal arches
  • palpate your own transverse arch

Anatomy - Lower limb (6 decks)

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