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MCB2004 > L13: Bacterial Diversity & Archaea > Flashcards

L13: Bacterial Diversity & Archaea Flashcards

1
Q

our knowledge of microbes is limited because…

A

many bacteria have not been formally identified

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2
Q

many bacteria have not been formally identified for 2 main reasons:

A

they have not been cultured (yet)
they are part of complex food chains requiring other bacterial products (syntrophy - cross-feeding)

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3
Q

PCR indicates that there about __________ bacterial species per g of soil

A

10,000

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4
Q

most bacteria in humans is in what size range?

A

small to average

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5
Q

what are the shared characteristics of archaea and eukarya?

A

CELL WALLS: varies in composition, but NO peptidoglycan
START AA: Methionine
NO rRNA Loop

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6
Q

what are the shared characteristics of bacteria and eukarya?

A

MEMBRANE LIPIDS: straight C chains attached to glyercol
has tRNA

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7
Q

unique characteristics of archaea?

A

varies in antibiotic sensitivity
lacks tRNA

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8
Q

why do archaea vary in antibiotic sensitivity?

A

some antibiotics that target bacterial ribosomes can affect archaeal ribosomes

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9
Q

unique characteristics of bacteria?

A

peptidoglycan cell walls
first AA is Formylmethionine
has clear antibiotic sensitivity

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10
Q

why are bacteria sensitive to antibiotics?

A

antibiotics often target peptidoglycan and other unique structures that cause great damage

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11
Q

unique characteristics of eukarya?

A

has no antibiotic sensitivity

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12
Q

archaea have distinct ______________

A

taxonomic grouping

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13
Q

archaea are 2 things; what are they?

A

extremophiles and methanogens

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14
Q

2 types of extremophiles

A

halophiles
thermophiles

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15
Q

halophiles

A

tolerate or thrive in high-salt environments; requires salt concentration >25%

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16
Q

thermophiles

A

tolerate or thrive in high-heat environments; requires growth temp >80 degrees C

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17
Q

methanogens

A

obligate anaerobes
produce methane
performs pathogenesis

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18
Q

examples of archaea as methanogens

A

methanogenic archaea in the gut and other bodily sites
the teeth - usually, archaeal presence means a dental disease

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19
Q

what is obscure about methanogens?

A

no clear role in pathogenesis
role in human health is still being studied

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20
Q

why can archaea live in the human body at all?

A

some portions of the body naturally exist at a level or can become anaerobic enough for archaea to grow (usually signifies disease)

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21
Q

how do certain bodily bacteria stay within their designated regions?

A

limitations based on the immune system or properties of that bacteria that prevent them from spreading

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22
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

specifically targets weakened, immunocompromised individuals

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23
Q

primary pathogen

A

targets everyone, including the healthy

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24
Q

BACTERIAL CHARACTERISTICS: peptidoglycan cell walls

A

comprises Ester-linked lipids, which are mostly phospholipids and glycerol diesters of fatty acids

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25
Q

BACTERIAL CHARACTERISTICS: _____ ribosomes

A

70S; also found in archaeal and eukaryotic organelles

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26
Q

BACTERIAL CHARACTERISTICS: genomes are…

A

single and circular

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27
Q

how are bacterial genomes organized?

A

operons
plasmids
transposons

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28
Q

what are the phylums of G- bacteria?

A

Pseudomonadota (Proteobacteria)
Myxococcota
Campylobacterota
Bacteroidetes
Fusobacteria

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29
Q

what are the phylums of G+ bacteria?

A

Bacillota (Firmicutes)
Actinomycetota

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30
Q

True or False: Pseudomonadota is the smallest of the major groups/phylums of bacteria

A

false; Pseudomonadota/Proteobacteria are the largest

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31
Q

Pseudomonadota have many classes; what are the most important ones?

A

alpha
beta
gamma

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32
Q

2 types of Pseudomonadota

A

photosynthetic
nonphotosynthetic

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33
Q

Pseudomonadota contains more ______ than cocci

A

rods

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34
Q

True or False: Pseudomonadota is mostly…

A

pathogenic

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35
Q

Alphaproteobacteria class

A

important plant and marine microbes
many human pathogens

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36
Q

Alphaproteobacteria 1: examples of Alphaproteobacteria?

A

Rhizobium, Agrobacterium (plant microbes)
Pelagibacter ubique (marine microbe)
Rickettsia, causes Rocky mountain spotted fever (pathogen)

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37
Q

Alphaproteobacteria 2: marine microbes comprise what percentage of prokaryotes in the ocean?

A

20%

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38
Q

Alphaproteobacteria Pathogen 1: i.e. cat-scratch disease (B. henselae)

A

Bartonella

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39
Q

Alphaproteobacteria Pathogen 2: parasite in mammals; several species cause ‘brucellosis’

A

Brucella

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40
Q

Alphaproteobacteria Pathogen 3: tickborne, causes erlichiosis

A

Ehrlichia

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41
Q

Alphaproteobacteria Pathogen 4: tickborne, causes anaplasmosis

A

Anaplasma

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42
Q

Alphaproteobacteria Pathogen 5: carried by arthropods, different species cause different diseases

A

Rickettsia

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43
Q

Alphaproteobacteria 3A: Rickettsia are __________ parasites

A

obligate intracellular

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44
Q

Alphaproteobacteria 3B: Rickettsia originate from…

A

arthropods (arthropod borne)

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45
Q

Alphaproteobacteria 3C: what are the 3 main Rickettsia species?

A

R. prowazekii
R. typhi
R. rickettsii

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46
Q

Alphaproteobacteria 3D: R. prowazekii

A

epidemic typhus carried by body lice

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47
Q

Alphaproteobacteria 3E: R. typhi

A

endemic murine typhus carried by fleas

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48
Q

Alphaproteobacteria 3F: R. rickettsii

A

Rocky Mountain spotted fever carried by ticks

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49
Q

Alphaproteobacteria 3G: Rickettsia are the closest in similarity to what organelle? Ancient rickettsial parasites are said to be the ancestor of this organelle

A

mitochondria

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50
Q

Alphaproteobacteria 3H: rickettsial diseases typically occur when ____________ and are ________ term symptoms, but more ________

A

people are packed together
shorter
dangerous

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51
Q

Alphaproteobacteria 3I: Rickettsia are good at living _____________

A

inside human cells

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52
Q

Alphaproteobacteria 4A: Wolbachia inhabit…

A

insects and other animals

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53
Q

Alphaproteobacteria 4B: Wolbachia are important in…

A

the reproduction and development of insect and worm species

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54
Q

Alphaproteobacteria 4C: what type of worm is associated with Wolbachia?

A

filarial worms

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55
Q

Alphaproteobacteria 4D: why are filarial worms associated with Wolbachia?

A

filarial worms require Wolbachia for normal development of their offspring

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56
Q

Alphaproteobacteria 4E: what treatment is given to humans infected with filarial worms?

A

antibacterial antibiotics; worms can’t reproduce if the bacteria is killed

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57
Q

Alphaproteobacteria 5A: Agrobacterium

A

a plant pathogen

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58
Q

Alphaproteobacteria 5B: how is Agrobacterium pathogenic?

A

inserts a plasmid into plant cells, inducing a tumor

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59
Q

Alphaproteobacteria 5C: Agrobacterium is an important tool for…

A

transgenic plants

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60
Q

Alphaproteobacteria 6: Rhizobium

A

plant symbiont; fixes N in plant roots

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61
Q

Alphaproteobacteria 7: Other Environmental Alphaproteobacteria

A

prosthecae
marine bacteria
soil bacteria
environmental bacteria

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62
Q

Alphaproteobacteria 8A: prosthetcae

A

projections in which some Alphaproteobacteria bud from and reproduce

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63
Q

Alphaproteobacteria 8B: examples of prosthecae

A

Caulobacter (stalked bacteria found in lakes)
Hyphomicrobium (budding bacteria in lakes)

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64
Q

Alphaproteobacteria 8C: marine bacteria

A

Pelagibacter ubique

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65
Q

Alphaproteobacteria 8D: soil bacteria

A

used in industrial production (i.e. produce acetic acid from ETOH)

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66
Q

Alphaproteobacteria 8E: example of soil bacteria

A

acetobacter (NOT to confuse w/ acinetobacter)
gluconobacter

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67
Q

Alphaproteobacteria 8F: environmental bacteria

A

chemoautotrophs that oxidize N compounds as energy and an e- source and fix CO2 as C source

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68
Q

Alphaproteobacteria 8G: example of environmental bacteria

A

nitrobacter (oxidizes nitrite to nitrate)

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69
Q

what are the major species of the Betaproteobacteria class?

A

Neisseria
Spirilla (Spirillum)
Bordetella
Burkholderia

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70
Q

Betaproteobacteria Pathogen 1: Neisseria

A

often acquired through shared objects and spaces, living in close quarters

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71
Q

Betaproteobacteria 1A: examples of Neisseria

A

N. meningitidis
N. gonorrhoeae

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72
Q

Betaproteobacteria 1B: N. meningitidis

A

meningococcal meningitis

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73
Q

Betaproteobacteria 1C: N. gonorrhoeae

A

STD - causes sexually-transmitted gonorrhea (antibiotic-resistant gonorrhea is becoming a major problem)

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74
Q

Betaproteobacteria 2A: Spirillum

A

helical

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75
Q

Betaproteobacteria 2B: example of Spirillum

A

S. minus (“rate bite” fever)

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76
Q

Betaproteobacteria 3A: Bordetella

A

rods; treated w/ TDAP vaccine

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77
Q

Betaproteobacteria 3B: example of Bordetella

A

B. pertussis (causes pertussis, or whooping cough)

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78
Q

Betaproteobacteria 4A: Burkholderia

A

commonly associated w/ opportunistic infections of immunocompromised patients
nosocomial infection

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79
Q

Betaproteobacteria 4B: example of Burkholderia

A

B. pseudomallei (causes meliodosis)

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80
Q

Betaproteobacteria 5A: Environmental Species

A

Acidithiobacillus
Sphaerotilus
Nitrosomonas

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81
Q

Betaproteobacteria 5B: Acidithiobacillus

A

chemoautotrophic; oxidizes sulfur

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82
Q

Betaproteobacteria 5C: Sphaerotilus

A

chemoautotrophic; forms sheaths

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83
Q

Betaproteobacteria 5D: Nitrosomonas

A

used in wastewater treatment (nitrification); oxidizes ammonia to nitrite

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84
Q

Gammaproteobacteria Class: Major Orders

A

Pseudomonadales (Pseudomonads)
Legionellales
Vibrionales
Enterobacteriales (Enterics)
Pasteuralleles
Thiotrichales

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85
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 1A: Pseudomonadales Order - Pseudomonas

A

opportunistic pathogens; typically caused by wound and burn infections

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86
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 1B: Pseudomonadales Order - Pseudomonas characteristics

A

metabolically diverse
have polar flagella

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87
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 1C: Pseudomonadales Order - examples of Pseudomonas

A

P. aeuruginosa

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88
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 1D: Pseudomonadales Order - P. aeruginosa

A

often the cause of death of cystic fibrosis patients

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89
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 1F: Pseudomonadales Order - Moraxella

A

causes conjuctivitis

90
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 1G: Pseudomonadales Order - Acinetobacter

A

A. baumanii
Azotobacter
Azomonas

91
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 1H: Pseudomonadales Order - Acinetobacter, A. baumanii

A

respiratory pathogen
nosocomial infection
resistant to antibiotics

92
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 1I: Pseudomonadales Order - Acinetobacter, Azotobacter and Azomonas

A

nitrogen fixing environmental bacteria

93
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 2A: Legionellales Order - Legionella

A

found in streams, warm water pipes, cooling towers - AC
prevalent in places that heavily use AC (i.e. hot, humid climates)

94
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 2B: Legionellales Order - what are the 2 major bacteria genera (plural for genus) in the Legionellales order?

A

Legionella
Coxiella

95
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 2C: Legionellales Order - Legionella, L. pneumophilia

A

causes Legionnaire’s disease, which is named after a pneumonia outbreak that occurred among a convention of the American Legion

96
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 2D: Legionellales Order - Coxiella

A

causes “Q fever;” is a respiratory illness
transmitted via aerosols or milk only
intracellular parasite
hence, why you should avoid drinking raw milk

97
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 2E: Legionellales Order - example of Coxiella?

A

Coxiella burnettii

98
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 3A: Vibrionales Order - characteristics of Vibrios

A

found in coastal or brackish water and uncooked shellfish
causes illness in those who have eaten uncooked shellfish
can cause wound infections
are semi-salt-tolerant (halophiles)

99
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 3B: Vibrionales Order - examples of Vibrios?

A

Vibrio cholerae
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Vibrio vulnificus

100
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 3C: Vibrionales Order - V. cholerae

A

causes cholera

101
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 3D: Vibrionales Order - V. parahaemolyticus

A

causes gastroenteritis
found in uncooked shellfish

102
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 3E: Vibrionales Order - V. vulnificus

A

causes wound infections
found in uncooked shellfish

103
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 3F: Vibrionales Order - Vibrio-related illnesses can also be caused by…

A

contaminated water sources (i.e. leakage in drinking water in post-hurricane Haiti in the 21st century)

104
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 3G: Vibrionales Order - what are the common largescale-spreaders of Vibrio-related illnesses?

A

human-to-human transmission
lack of sanitation
damaged/lack of infastructure

105
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 4A: Enterobacteriales Order - characteristics of Enterics

A

have peritrichous flagella
facultative anaerobes
resilient and adaptable

106
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 4B: Enterobacteriales Order - what are the 9 major genera of Enterics?

A
  1. Enterobacter
  2. Escherichia
  3. Klebsiella
  4. Proteus
  5. Salmonella
  6. Serratia
  7. Shigella
  8. Yersinia
  9. Chronobacter
107
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 4C: Enterobacteriales Order - characteristics of Enterobacters

A

cause urinary tract infections and nosocomial infections

108
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 4D: Enterobacteriales Order - examples of Enterobacters

A

Enterobacter cloacae
Enterobacter aerogenes

109
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 4E: Enterobacteriales Order - characteristics of Escherichia

A

most common Enteric
usually NOT pathogenic
is the “model” system
ideal for lab work/experiments

110
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 4E: Enterobacteriales Order - pathogenic Escherichia, E. coli O157:H7

A

sticks to the gut and produces toxins
similar to Shigella strains

111
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 4F: Enterobacteriales Order - Klebsiella

A

causes a type of pneumonia

112
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 4G: Enterobacteriales Order - example of Klebsiella

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

113
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 4H: Enterobacteriales Order - Proteus

A

able to migrate due to swarming abilities
spreads via human-to-human transmission or contaminated surfaces and objects

114
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 4I: Enterobacteriales Order - Salmonella

A

pathogenic
common in animals
has many serovars

115
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 4J: Enterobacteriales Order - examples of Salmonella

A

S. typhi (typhus fever)
S. enterica (food-borne pathogen in poultry)

116
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 4K: Enterobacteriales Order - Serratia

A

pink appearance
thrives in wet, warm environments (i.e. showers, baths)
opportunistic pathogen
causes illness in immunocompromised

117
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 4L: Enterobacteriales Order - Shigella

A

food-borne pathogen

118
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 4M: Enterobacteriales Order - Yersinia

A

most commonly known for causing the Bubonic plague (Y. pestis)
Bubonic plague - transmitted by fleas on rats

119
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 4N: Enterobacteriales Order - Chronobacter

A

highly common; is found in various environments and foods

120
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 4O: Enterobacteriales Order - examples of Chronobacter

A

C. sakazakii (causes meningitis)

121
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 5A: Pasteurellales Order - Pasteurella

A

causes pneumonia and septicemia

122
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 5B: Pasteurellales Order - what are the 2 major genera of Pasteurellales?

A

Pasteurella
Haemophilus

123
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 5B: Pasteurellales Order - example of Pasteurella

A

Pasteurella multocida (transmitted to humans via animal bites)

124
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 5C: Pasteurellales Order - Haemophilus

A

requires X (heme) from blood and V (NAD+) factors
major Haemopilus: H. influenzae

125
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 5D: Pasteurellales Order - Haemophilus, H. influenzae

A
  • causes meningitis
  • less dangerous for adults
  • pneumonia in children and infants
  • name is due to mistake in believing it causes influenza
  • grown on blood or chocolate agar
126
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 5E: Thiotrichales Order - what are the 2 major genera or groups of Thiotrichales?

A

Francisella
Environmental bacteria

127
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 5F: Thiotrichales Order - Francisella

A

chemoheterotrophic
pathogenic

128
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 5G: Thiotrichales Order - example of Francisella

A

F. tularensis (causes tularemia)

129
Q

Gammaproteobacteria 5H: Thiotrichales Order - example of environmental bacteria

A

Beggitoa
- chemoautotrophic
- oxidizes H2S to S for energy

130
Q

What are the 5 other major Gram-negative phyla?

A

Myxococcota
Campylobacterota
Bacteroidetes
Fusobacteria
Spirochaetes

131
Q

what are the 5 environmental non-proteobacterial Gram-negative phyla?

A

Cyanobacteria
Chloroflexota
Deinococcota
Planctomycetota
Chlorobiota

132
Q

what are the characteristics of the Myxococcota phylum?

A
  • make antibacterial antibiotics
  • specific genus is predatory towards other bacteria (Bdellovibrio)
  • attacks as a swarm
  • complex communication w/ cells of target area
  • is sporelike
133
Q

Myxococcota Phylum: Bdellovibrio

A

preys on other bacteria
burrows into the periplasm of G- bacteria
possible to use for bacterial control

134
Q

what are the characteristics of the Campylobacterota phylum?

A

multiple flagella
microaerophilic
acidophilic
causes peptic ulcers and stomach cancer

135
Q

what are the 2 pathogenic groups of Campylobacterota?

A

Campylobacter
Helicobacter pylori

136
Q

Campylobacter

A

dangerous food-borne pathogen that causes diarrhea

137
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A

causes stomach ulcers (PUD, peptic ulcer disease)

138
Q

what are the characteristics of the Bacteroidetes phylum?

A

usually beneficial
obligate anaerobes
phylum of the “good” gut bacteria
can cause opportunistic infections
feeds on fiber-rich foods
produces intestinal mucus
facilitates bowel movement

139
Q

what are the 2 major genera or groups of the Bacteroidetes phylum?

A

Bacteroides fragilis
Prevotella

140
Q

Bacteroides fragilis

A

beneficial human gut/colon bacteria
may help in development of the immune system
breaks down toxins in food
provides more nutrients
causes opportunistic infection if escaped into the abdominal cavity, i.e. via abdominal wounds (peritonitis)

141
Q

Prevotella

A

has various species
gut bacteria
can cause tooth decay and gum disease

142
Q

what are the characteristics of the Fusobacteria phylum?

A

causes
- tooth decay
- gum disease
- skin ulcers
can cause complications post-streptococcal throat infection
associated w/ colon cancer cells and stillbirth

143
Q

what are the characteristics of the Chlamydiae phylum?

A

obligate intracellular parasties
will NOT survive w/o metabolites from host
has a 2-stage life cycle

144
Q

what is the life cycle of a Chlamydia bacterium?

A

reticulate body
elementary body

145
Q

reticulate body

A

the growing, vegetative form of Chlamydia inside host cells

146
Q

elementary body

A

more environmentally-resistant form that can survive OUTSIDE host cells, but NOT on surfaces - must be spread by intimate contact

147
Q

what are the 3 major species of Chlamydia?

A

C. trachomatis
C. psittaci
C. pneumoniae

148
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

A

causes STD chlamydia and conjunctivitis (eye infection)

149
Q

Chlamydia psittaci

A

causes parrot fever
spread by bird droppings

150
Q

Chlamydia pneumoniae

A

causes atypical pneumonia

151
Q

Chlamydiae is similar to a virus in the sense that they both…

A

only metabolize when in a host cell

152
Q

what are the characteristics of the Spirochaetes phylum?

A

spiral organism
has a sheath and axial filaments
flagella are imbedded in periplasm

153
Q

Spirochaetes: what is a sheath?

A

a type of outer membrane

154
Q

Spirochaetes: what is an axial filament?

A

a flagellum wrapped around the cell

155
Q

what is the motility mechanism of Spirochaetes?

A

axial filament/special flagellum is imbedded in periplasm, so its movement moves the whole bacterium

156
Q

what are the 3 major species of the Spirochaetes phylum?

A

Treponema pallidum
Borrelia burgdorferi
Leptospira species

157
Q

Spirochaetes Phlyum: Treponema pallidum

A

causes syphilis (STD)

158
Q

Spirochaetes Phlyum: Borrelia burgdorferi

A

causes Lyme disease
transmitted via deer ticks

159
Q

Spirochaetes Phlyum: Leptospira species

A

cause leptospirosis
transmitted via urine from infected animals

160
Q

what are the characteristics of the Cyanobacteria (“blue algae”) phylum?

A

progenitor of the chloroplast
can produce toxins
mostly damages by making food for chemoheterotrophic bacteria in waterways
causes “dead zones” by depleting O in water - kills marine life

161
Q

example of Chloroflexota

A

Chloroflexi, green non-sulfure bacteria

162
Q

example of Deinococcota

A

Deinococcus Thermus

163
Q

Deinococcus Thermus

A

very radiation and heat resistant
is the only organism that survived Chernobyl ground zero

164
Q

what is so special about the Planctomycetota phylum or Plantomycetes?

A

the only known phylum of bacteria that has a membrane around its DN

165
Q

what are Chlorobi, or the Chlorobiota phylum?

A

green sulfur bacteria

166
Q

what are the characteristics of Gram-positive phyla?

A

ONLY cell membrane, no outer
cell wall OUTSIDE membrane
the cell wall is thick peptidoglycan, contains teichoic acids

167
Q

what are the 3 Gram-positive bacteria phyla?

A

Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes)
Mycoplasmatota (Mycoplasmas)
Actinomycetota (formerly Actinobacteria)

168
Q

Bacillota characteristics

A

low G+C (Guanine + Cyotisine) content in DNA
comprises 2 types: endospore and non-endospore formers

169
Q

Bacillota Phylum 1A: what are the genera of the Bacillota endospore formers?

A

Bacillus
Clostridium

170
Q

Bacillota Phylum 1B: what are the genera of the Bacillota non-endospore formers?

A

Lactobacillus (non-pathogenic)
Streptococcus
Listeria
Enterococcus
Staphylococcus

171
Q

Bacillota Phylum 1C: how are Bacillota now classified?

A

genetic relatedness

172
Q

Bacillota Phylum 2: what are the 3 major orders and classes of Bacillota?

A

ORDERS: Clostridiales; Bacilliales; Lactobacillales
CLASSES: Clostridia, Bacilli

173
Q

Bacillota Phylum 3: Clostridiales Order - Clostridium characteristics

A

endospore former
obligate anaerobe

174
Q

Bacillota Phylum 4A: Clostridiales Order - what are the 4 major species of Clostridium?

A

C. perfringens
C. botulinum
C. tetani
C. difficile

175
Q

Bacillota Phylum 4B: Clostridiales Order - C. perfringens

A

causes diarrhea and gangrene

176
Q

Bacillota Phylum 4C: Clostridiales Order - C. botulinum

A

food-borne pathogen
causes botulism

177
Q

Bacillota Phylum 4D: Clostridiales Order - C. tetani

A

causes tetanus

178
Q

Bacillota Phylum 4E: Clostridiales Order - C. difficile

A

causes megacolon

179
Q

Bacillota Phylum 5A: Bacilliales Order - what are the 3 major species of Bacillus?

A

B. anthracis
B. cereus
B. thuringiensis

180
Q

Bacillota Phylum 5B: Bacilliales Order - B. anthracis

181
Q

Bacillota Phylum 5C: Bacilliales Order - B. cereus

A

food-borne pathogen

182
Q

Bacillota Phylum 5D: Bacilliales Order - B. thuringiensis

A

produces Bt insecticide; does NOT affect humans

183
Q

Bacillota Phylum 5E: Bacilliales Order - what are the 2 major families in the Bacilliales order, under the Bacilli class?

A

Stahylococcaceae
Listeriaceae

184
Q

Bacillota Phylum 5F: Bacilliales Order - Staphylococcus aureus characteristics

A

“golden clusterse”
ubiquitous in environment and skin
MOSTLY non-pathogenic
however, non-pathogenic strains can still be mild food-borne pathogens

185
Q

Bacillota Phylum 5G: Bacilliales Order - how can non-pathogenic strains of S. aureus still be dangerous as food pathogens?

A

S. aureus produces a toxin that causes mild, home-generated food poisoning, NOT a bacterial infection

186
Q

Bacillota Phylum 5H: Bacilliales Order - what is the major strain of the Listeriaceae family?

A

Listeria monocytogenes (food-borne intracellular pathogen, typically found in dairy)

187
Q

Bacillota Phylum 6A: Lactobacillales Order - what are the 3 major families of the Lactobacillales order?

A

Lactobacillaceae
Enterococcaceae
Streptococcaceae

188
Q

Bacillota Phylum 6B: Lactobacillales Order - Lactobacillaceae family characteristics

A

lactic acid bacteria
used in acidic fermentations, dairy industry, yogurt production
i.e. Lactobacillus acidophilus

189
Q

Bacillota Phylum 6C: Lactobacillales Order - Enterococcaceae family, Enterococcus faecium

A

major nosocomial infection
often vancomycin-resistant

190
Q

Bacillota Phylum 6D: Lactobacillales Order - Streptococcaeae family characteristics

A

grows in hains
taxonomically complex
pathogenic

191
Q

Bacillota Phylum 6E: Lactobacillales Order - what are the 3 major species/strains in the Streptococcaeae family?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pyogenes
Group A Streptococcus

192
Q

Bacillota Phylum 6F: Lactobacillales Order - Streptococcaeae family, S. pneumoniae

A

major cause of pneumonia
non-beta-hemolytic, alpha-hemolytic

193
Q

Bacillota Phylum 6G: Lactobacillales Order - Streptococcaeae family, S. pyogenes

A

beta-hemolytic
causes scarlet fever, strep throat, rheumatic fever, necrotizing fascitis

194
Q

Bacillota Phylum 6G: Lactobacillales Order - Streptococcaeae family, S. pyogenes: Group A Streptococcus (GAS)

A

can break down extracellular matrix and connective tissue
strain of S. pyogenes

195
Q

Mycoplasmatota characteristics

A

low G+C content in DNA
lacks a cell wall

196
Q

Actinomycetota characteristics

A

high G+C content in DNA

197
Q

Actinomycetota Phylum 1A: what are the 3 major genera?

A

Streptomyces
Mycobacteria*
Corynebacterium*

198
Q

Actinomycetota Phylum 1B: Streptomyces

A

source of many antibiotics

199
Q

Actinomycetota Phylum 1C: Mycobacteria

A

NOT GRAM-POSITIVE
acid-fast bacteria
contains mycolic acid
causes tuberculosis and leprosy

200
Q

Actinomycetota Phylum 1D: Corynebacterium

201
Q

Bacillota Phylum: what are the 2 main classes and 3 main orders of Bacillota?

A

CLASSES: Clostridia and Bacilli
ORDERS: Clostriadles, Bacillales, Lactobacillales

202
Q

Bacillota Phylum - Clostridia Class: Clostridium genus

A

obligate anaerobe and endospores

203
Q

Bacillota Phylum - Clostridia Class: What are the 4 main Clostridium species?

A

C. perfringens
C. botulinum
C. tetani
C. difficile

204
Q

Bacillota Phylum - Clostridia Class 1: C. perfringens

A

causes diarrhea and gangrene

205
Q

Bacillota Phylum - Clostridia Class 2: C. botulinum

A

causes botulism (extreme food poisoning)

206
Q

Bacillota Phylum - Clostridia Class 3: C. tetani

A

causes tetanus

207
Q

Bacillota Phylum - Clostridia Class 4: C. difficile

A

causes megacolon

208
Q

Bacillota Phylum - Bacilli Class: Bacillus genus

A

aerobic endospore rods

209
Q

Bacillota Phylum - Bacilli Class: what are the 3 main Bacillus species?

A

B. anthracis
B. cereus
B. thuringiensis

210
Q

Bacillota Phylum - Bacilli Class 1: Bacillus anthracis

A

causes anthrax
commonly found in soil
causes multiple types of infections

211
Q

Bacillota Phylum - Bacilli Class 2: Bacillus cereus

A

food-borne pathogen

212
Q

Bacillota Phylum - Bacilli Class 3: Bacillus thuringiensis

A

produces Bt insecticide

213
Q

Bacillota Phylum - Bacillales Order 1: what are the other 3 NON-SPORE FORMING FAMILIES in the Bacilli class?

A

Staphylococcaceae
Listeriaceae

214
Q

Bacillota Phylum - Bacillales Order 2: what is the major bacterium of Staphylococceae?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

215
Q

Bacillota Phylum - Bacillales Order 3: S. aureus characteristics

A
  • forms golden clusters
  • ubiquitous in the environment and skin
  • mostly non-pathogenic
  • non-pathogenic strains can produce a toxin that causes mild food poisoning
  • likes non-aqeous, oily, salty environments
216
Q

Bacillota Phylum - Bacillales Order 4: MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

A

causes an infection
many healthcare workers are carriers; part of their natural microflora

217
Q

Bacillota Phylum - Bacillales Order 5: what is the main bacterium of the Listeriaceae family?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

218
Q

Bacillota Phylum - Bacillales Order 6: Listeria monocytogenes

A

food-borne (dairy)
intracellular pathogen
dangerous for children, the elderly, and pregnant

219
Q

Bacillota Phylum - Lactobacillales Order 3B: Streptococcus pneuomniae

A

major cause of pneumonia
non-beta-hemolytic, alpha-hemolytic

219
Q

Bacillota Phylum - Lactobacillales Order 3C: Streptococcus pyogenes

A

beta-hemolytic
causes VARIOUS infections
- scarlet fever
- strep throat
- rheumatic fever
- necrotizing fasciitis

MCB2004 (7 decks)

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