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PHYSIO EXAM 2 > L13 Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

L13 Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Neurotransmission

A

Process by which a nerve transmits its signal across a synapse to activate another nerve or other structure (muscle, gland cell)

The actual signal comes from a chemical, a neurotransmitter, synthesized in and released from the nerve into the synapse

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2
Q

Ganglion

A

A collection of many synapses. In the ANS many presynaptic nerves communicate with many postsynaptic nerves at structures called ganglia

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3
Q

Preganglionic nerves

A

Nerves leading into a ganglion structure

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4
Q

Postganglionic nerves

A

Nerves leading a ganglion structure to innervate effector cells

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5
Q

Cholingeric nerves

A

Nerves that synthesize and release ACh as their neurotransmitter

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6
Q

Cholingeric receptors

A

Receptors for ACh

There are two main types: nicotinic (N) and muscarinic (M)

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7
Q

Adrenergic nerves

A

Nerves that synthesize and release norepinephrine (NE) as their neurotransmitters

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8
Q

Adrenergic receptors

A

Receptors for norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI)

Two main types:
Alpha
Beta

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9
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral
Outside CNS

Afferent division: sensory stimuli or visceral stimuli

Efferent division: SNS and ANS

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11
Q

ANS

A

Sympathetic (SNS)

Parasympathetic (PNS)

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, exocrine glands, some endocrine glands

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12
Q

Somatic

A

NOT part of ANS

Motor neurons commanding skeletal muscles

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13
Q

Autonomic pathways originate in where and consist of what

A

Brain or spinal cord

Preganlionic and postganlionic nerves connected in series by ganglion

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14
Q

SNS

A

Highlight the core

Lumbar and thoracic regions

Adrenal medulla only innervated by SNS (an exception)

Have 2 neurons (one leaving spinal cord, interacting with ganglion neuron, and that one carries info to target organ)

A lot of branching
Gives broad command, a lot of divergence

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15
Q

PNS

A

Highlight upper and lower part

Brain and saccryl part

Have two neurons in some regions with shorter distance to travel

Some neurons travel directly to target

Minimal branching
More of direct message

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16
Q

Somatic division innervation

A

Cell bodies of motor neurons reside in CNS

Their axons (myelinated in spinal nerves) extend all the way to their skeletal muscles

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17
Q

Autonomic system innervation

A

Chain of two motor neurons

1st: preganglionic neuron (Brain or spinal cord
2nd: postganlionic neuron (Cell body in ganglion outside CNS)

Slower because lightly myelinated or unmyleinated

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18
Q

SNS vs PNS

A

All target organs typically have dual, reciprocal innervation from PNS and SNS

division that dominates is the function that takes place

None inactive, it’s more of a ratio of innervation

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19
Q

PNS neurotransmitters and receptors

A

Preganlionic
Fiber: Cholingeric
Neurotransmitter: ACh
Receptor: nicotinic type 2

Postganlionic
Fiber: Cholingeric
Neurotransmitter: ACh
Receptor: muscarinic

20
Q

SNS neurotransmitters and receptors

A

Preganlionic
Fiber: Cholingeric
Neurotransmitter: ACh
Receptor: nicotinic type 2

Postganlionic 
   Fiber: adrenergic  
   Neurotransmitter: NE
   Receptor: adrenergic receptors (alpha or beta)
OR 
exception of sweat glands
  Fiber: cholingeric 
  Neurotransmitter: ACh 
  Receptor: muscarinic
21
Q

Adrenal medulla neurotransmitters and receptors

Sympathetic but an exception

A

Preganlionic
Fiber: Cholingeric
Neurotransmitter: ACh
Receptor: nicotinic type 2

To circulation- acts like postganlionic neuron but not as fast
Neurotransmitter: 80% EPI, 20% NE
(Hormones amp up sympathetic response)
Synapse in gland/modified ganglia

22
Q

Cholingeric neurons

ACh

A

All SNS and PNS preganlionic

All PNS postganlionic

Those SNS postganlionic for the sweat glands

23
Q

ACh

Synthesis and degradation

A

Synthesized from AcCoA and choline by choline acetylcholine transferase

Stored in vesicles

Released when AP increase Ca entry into nerve ending

Binds to receptor

Broken down in synaptic cleft by acetylcholinesterase

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are used to treat glaucoma, to increase GI motility, to treat myasthenia gravis

24
Q

NE

Synthesis

A

Tyrosine enters nerve terminal. Converted to DOPA, converted to dopamine, concreted to NE

NE stored in vesicles complexes w ATP

Released when AP increases Ca entry into nerve ending

NE acts in adrenergic receptors (alpha or beta)

ReUptake by active pump mechanism NET (Inhibited by cocaine/antidepressants)

After reuptake in presynaptic neuron NE is metabolized by the enzyme MOA(monoamine oxidase, in presynaptic terminal) and COMT(catechol-o-methyltransferase, in liver)

Diffusion: NE is detectable in plasma small traces

25
Q

Receptor substypes

A

Have diverse responses

Activation/reduction depending on fight/flight or rest/digest

The neurotransmitters releases are the same…receptors vary the action mechanism

26
Q

SNS

A

Fight or flight

Mobilization and high metabolism

27
Q

PNS

A

Rest and digest

Routine maintenance

28
Q

SNS single innervation target organs

A

Only sympathetic cholinergic nerves
Sweat glands

Only sympathetic adrenergic nerves 
   Hair follicles 
   Brown adipose tissue 
   Adrenal medulla 
   Kidney
   Most arterioles and veins:
       Except penis and coronary circulation 
       Arteries and capillaries not innervated
29
Q

Reciprocal effects

A

One system inhibits while other stimulates activity of the target organ

Provide fine control of organ function

Ex: control of HR and intestinal motility

30
Q

Cooperative effects

A

Promote same goal

Ex: salivary gland secretion, male sexual response, lacrimal gland

31
Q

Examples of cooperative effects

A

Salivary glands
SNS -viscous secretion
PNS- watery secretion

Lacrimal glands
SNS and PNS both cause secretion

Make sexual response
PNS- erection
SNS- ejaculation

32
Q

Reciprocal effects

SNS v PNS

A

Most visceral organs are innervated by both system fibers

In general this produces opposite effects in a particular organ

Dual innervation of organs by both branches of ANS allow precise control over organ activity

33
Q

Examples of reciprocal effects

SNS v PNS

A 
SNS:
  Inhibit digestion (saves energy) 
  Increase HR (tachycardia) 
  Dilate pupil ( mydriasis) 
  Stimulate hectic glyconeolysis; inhibit insulin release from pancreas

PNS:
enhance digestion (enhance emptying of gi and urinary tracts)
Slows HR (bradycardia)
Constricts pupil (miosis)
Release insulin from pancreas- storage of energy

34
Q

Example:

Autonomic control of bladder function

A 
Detrusor muscle (beta and muscarinic) 
Internal spinster (alpha) 
External sphincter (muscarinic, voluntary component)

Filling bladder: Sympathetic dominates

Relaxation of detrusor and contraction of internal sphincter - both SNS but diff receptors

Emptying bladder: parasympathetic dominates

Contraction of detrusor and relaxation of internal sphincter

35
Q

Example:

Autonomic control of heart function

A

Fine tune control of both SNS and PNS

At rest heart has high PNS control and low SNS control

At defense reaction heart has high SNS control and low PNS control

At walking normal, heart has equal contribution of both

36
Q

Tonic activity

A

Active under resting conditions (always happening)

Ability to increase and decrease activity (fine control)

Both SNS and PNS are tonically active

RATIO of PNS/SNS determines net effect

37
Q

Reflex activity

A

Reflex activity ( May not require cortical processing)

Basic autonomic reflexes can be modulated by other inputs to CNS

38
Q

Visceral reflex arcs

A

Many are spinal reflexes such as defecation and micturition

Enteric nervous system has 3 neuron reflex arcs entirely writhing gut wall

39
Q

Regions of CNS involved in control of autonomic activities

A

Hypothalamus

Amygdala

Reticular formation of brain stem

Spinal cord

40
Q

Amygdala

A

Main limbic region for emotions

Stimulates SNS activity (especially pre learned fear-related act)

Can be voluntary

41
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Main integration center

42
Q

Reticular formation

A

Most direct influence over autonomic function

Reg pupil size, regulation, heart, blood pressure, swallowing

43
Q

Spinal cord

A

Urination, defecation, erection and ejaculation reflexes

44
Q

Autonomic agonists

A

Bind to same receptor as neurotransmitter

Elicit an effect that mimics that of neurotransmitter

45
Q

Autonomic antagonists

A

Bind with receptor

Block neurotransmitters response

PHYSIO EXAM 2 (5 decks)

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