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N212 Final > L12: Nutrition > Flashcards

L12: Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrition is a basic component of health and is essential for (4):

A

1) normal growth and development
2) tissue repair and maintenance
3) cellular metabolism
4) organ function

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2
Q

what is food security?

A

Access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Having sufficient food available on a consistent basis and the resources to obtain appropriate food for a nutritious diet.

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3
Q

what is MNT?

A

Medical Nutrition Therapy - uses nutrition therapy and counseling to manage diseases

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4
Q

what is BMR?

A

Basal Metabolic Rate - energy needed at rest to maintain life-sustaining activities for a specific amount of time

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5
Q

what is REE?

A

Resting Energy Expenditure - amount of energy needed to consume over 24-hour period for the body to maintain internal working activities while at rest

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6
Q

what affects energy requirements(9)?

A

1) age
2) body mass
3) gender
4) starvation
5) menstruation
6) illness or injury
7) infection
8) activity level
9) thyroid function

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7
Q

what factors influences metabolism(4)?

A

1) illness
2) pregnancy
3) lactation
4) activity level

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8
Q

what is nutrient density of food?

A

the proportion of essential nutrients to the number of kcals

  • high-nutrient-dense foods provide large amounts of nutrients in relation to the number of kcals (fruits and vegies)
  • low-nutrient-dense foods are high in kcals and low in nutes (sugar and alcohol)
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9
Q

describe carbohydrates

A
  • saccharides (simple or complex)
  • main source of energy
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10
Q

how much energy does carbohydrates provide?

A

4kcal/gram

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11
Q

what are monosaccharides?

A

simple carbohydrates - cannot be broken down further
(e.g. glucose (dextrose) and fructose)

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12
Q

what are disaccharides?

A

simple carbohydrates - composed of 2 monosaccharides and water
(e.g. sucrose, lactose, maltose)

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13
Q

what are polysaccharides?

A

complex carbohydrates - chains of carbs
(e.g. glycogen, starches)

  • some poly saccharides cannot be broken down in the body because we dont have the enzymes necessary; those do not contribute to kcals
    (e.g. fiber)
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14
Q

what is the difference between soluble and insoluble fiber?

A

soluble - is soluble in water and can be broken down in our body
(e.g. barley, cereal grains, cornmeal, oats)

insoluble - cannot be broken down and does not contribute to calories in our diet
(e.g. cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin)

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15
Q

describe proteins

A

provide a source of energy and are essential for growth, maintenance, and body repair

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16
Q

how much energy is in proteins?

A

4 kcal/gram

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17
Q

what are some things in the body made of protein?

A

1) collagen
2) hormones
3) DNA
4) RNA
5) Enzymes
6) Immune cells

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18
Q

what processes in the body rely on proteins?

A

1) blood clotting
2) fluid regulation
3) acid-base balance
4) transportation of nutrients and drugs

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19
Q

what is an amino acid?

A

the simplest form of protein made up of oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon

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20
Q

what are indispensable (essential) amino acids?

A

amino acids that the body does not synthesize (we need to ingest them in our diet)

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21
Q

what are dispensable amino acids?

A

amino acids that our bodies synthesize

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22
Q

what is a complete protein?

A

aka high quality protein - contains all essential amino acids to support growth and maintain nitrogen balance

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23
Q

what is nitrogen balance?

A

intake and output of nitrogen are equal

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24
Q

what is positive nitrogen balance?
necessary for?

A

when intake of nitrogen is greater than output

1) growth
2) normal pregnancy
3) maintenance of lean muscle mass and vital organs
4) wound healing

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25
Q

what is negative nitrogen balance?

A

When the body loses more nitrogen than it gains

Occurs due to body tissue destruction or loss of nitrogen-containing body fluids. (e.g., with infection, burns, fever, starvation, head injury, and trauma)

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26
Q

what are lipids?

A

fats - the most calorie-dense nutrient

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27
Q

how much energy does lipids provide?

A

9 kcals/gram

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28
Q

what are fats composed of?

A

triglycerides and fatty acids

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29
Q

what are triglycerides?

A

molecules that circulate the blood - composed of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol

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30
Q

what are fatty acids?

A

chains of hydrogen and carbon atoms with an acid group on one end of the chain and a methyl group at the other

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31
Q

what are the 2 types of fatty acids?

A

saturated - each carbon in the chain has two attached hydrogen atoms

unsaturated - unequal number of hydrogen atoms are attached and the carbon atoms attach to each other with a double bond

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32
Q

What are the types of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

monounsaturated - have one double bond

polyunsaturated - have two or more double carbon bonds

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33
Q

when does deficiency occur with fat intake?

A

when it falls below 10% of daily nutrition

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34
Q

why is water critical?

A

all cellular function depends on a watery environment

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35
Q

what percentage of total body weight is made up of water?

A

60-70%

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36
Q

who has the greatest percentage of total body water and who has the least?

A

infants = greatest percentage of total body water

older people = least percentage of total body water

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37
Q

describe fluid intake and output in healthy individuals

A

fluid intake from all sources = fluid output through elimination, respiration, and sweating

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38
Q

what are some situations that lead to intake/output that is not ideal?

A

people with fever or diarrhea need more water intake

people with cardiopulmonary or renal disease have a reduced ability to excrete water

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39
Q

what are vitamins?

A

organic substances present in small amounts in foods that are essential to normal metabolism

act as catalysts in biochemical reactions

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40
Q

what are antioxidants?

A

vitamins that neutralize free radicals which produce oxidative damage and increase risk of cancers

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41
Q

what are some antioxidative vitamins(4)?

A

1) beta-carotene
2) vitamin A
3) vitamin C
4) vitamin E

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42
Q

in what foods are vitamin content highest?

A

fresh foods with minimal exposure to heat, air, or water prior to their consumption

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43
Q

what are fat soluble vitamins?

A

vitamins that are stored in fatty compartments of the body

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44
Q

what are some examples of fat soluble vitamins?

A

1) vitamin A
2) vitamin D
3) vitamin E
4) vitamin K

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45
Q

Where are fat soluble vitamins stored?

A

stored in the fatty compartments of the body.

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46
Q

what are water-soluble vitamins?

A

vitamin C and the B complex (which is eight vitamins)

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47
Q

Where are water soluble vitamins stored?

A

Water-soluble vitamins absorb easily from the GI tract. Although they are not stored, toxicity can still occur

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48
Q

what is hypervitaminosis?

A

a condition that occurs when there are abnormally high levels of fat soluble vitamins stored in the body

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49
Q

how can hypervitaminosis occur(3)?

A

1) mega-doses supplemental vitamins
2) excessive amounts of fortified food
3) excessive intake of fish oils

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50
Q

what are minerals?

A

inorganic elements essential to the body as catalysts in biomechanical reactions

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51
Q

how are minerals classified?

A

Macro minerals - daily requirement is 100mg or more

Trace minerals - less than 100mg is needed daily

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52
Q

what are some examples of macro minerals(6)?

A

1) calcium
2) phosphorous
3) magnesium
4) sodium
5) potassium
6) chloride

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53
Q

what are examples of trace minerals(5)?

A

1) iron
2) copper
3) iodine
4) zinc
5) flouride

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54
Q

what do macro minerals do(2)?

A

1) balance pH
2) promote acid-base balance

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55
Q

enzymes…(3)

A
  • proteinlike substances that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions
  • most have one specific function
  • function optimally in specific pH
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56
Q

what is digestion?

A

mechanical breakdown (chewing, churning, mixing with fluid) and chemical reactions that reduce food to its simplest form

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57
Q

why does enzyme activity rely on mechanical breakdown of food?

A

it increases the surface area for chemical action

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58
Q

what do hormones have to do with digestion?

A

regulate flow of digestive secretions

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59
Q

what factors regulate the secretion of digestive juices and motility of the GI tract?

A

1) physical factors
2) chemicals
3) hormones

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60
Q

what does nerve stimulation via parasympathetic nervous system (vagus nerve) do to digestion?

A

increases GI tract action

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61
Q

what is salivary amylase?

A

an enzyme that acts on cooked starch to begin its conversion to maltose.

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62
Q

what do chief cells in the stomach secrete?

A

pepsinogen - a protein-digesting enzyme produced in the stomach that is converted into pepsin by stomach acid

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63
Q

what do pyloric glands secrete?

A

gastrin - a hormone that triggers parietal cells to secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)

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64
Q

what do parietal cells secrete(2)?

A
  • hydrochloric acid - stomach acid
  • intrinsic factor - necessary for the absorption of vitamin b12 in the ilium
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65
Q

what does HCl do to pepsinogen?

A

converts it into pepsin, a protein-splitting enzyme

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66
Q

what is gastric lipase and amylase?

A

enzymes that help digest fat and starch

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67
Q

where are alcohol and asprin absorbed?

A

directly through the lining of the stomach

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68
Q

how long does food remain in the stomach?

A

approx. 3 hours (with a range of 1-7hours)

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69
Q

what is chyme?

A

a mixture of liquified food and acid that moves from the stomach into the duodenum.

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70
Q

where is bile made and stored?

A

made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder

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71
Q

what does bile do?

A

acts as a detergent because it emulsifies fats

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72
Q

Pancreatic secretions contain six enzymes:

A

amylase - digest starch
lipase - to break down emulsified fats
trypsin - break down proteins
elastase - break down proteins
chymotrypsin - break down proteins
carboxypeptidase - break down proteins

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73
Q

what happens to the pH of chyme as it progresses through the small intestine?

A

it becomes increasingly alkaline inhibiting the action of gastric enzymes and promoting action of duodenal secretions

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74
Q

what are enzymes secreted by epithelial cells in the small intestine(5)?

A

1) sucrase
2) lactase
3) maltase
4) lipase
5) peptidase

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75
Q

how long does it take peristalsis to move chyme through the small intestine?

A

about 5 hours

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76
Q

what are villi?

A

finger-like cells in the small intestine that are the primary absorption site for nutrients (their structure increases surface area for absorption)

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77
Q

how are carbs, proteins, minerals, and water-soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

1) absorbed in the small intestine
2) processed in the liver
3) released into circulation through the portal vein

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78
Q

how are fatty acids absorbed?

A

in the lymphatic circulatory systems through the lacteal ducts at the center of each microvilli in the small intestine

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79
Q

what percentage of water is absorbed in the small intestine?

A

85-90%

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80
Q

the body absorbs nutrients via(4):

A

1) passive diffusion
2) osmosis
3) active transport
4) pinocytosis

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81
Q

digestion of what occurs in the small intestine(4)?

A

1) carbs
2) proteins
3) minerals
4) water soluble vitamins

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82
Q

How much GI secretions and oral intake does the GI tract manage daily?

A

The GI tract manages approximately 8.5 L of GI secretions and 1.5 L of oral intake daily.

The small intestine resorbs 9.5 L daily.

The colon absorbs approximately 0.4 L daily.

The remaining 0.1 L is eliminated via feces.

83
Q

Electrolytes and minerals are absorbed in the ______.

A

colon

84
Q

What vitamins do bacteria synthesize in the GI tract?

A

Bacteria synthesize vitamin K and some B-complex vitamins.

85
Q

what are the two processes of metabolism?

A

metabolism - All biochemical reactions within the cells of the body

anabolism - building
catabolism - breaking down

86
Q

anabolism

A

building of more complex biochemical structures by synthesis of nutrients
(physiologically possible when body is in positive nitrogen balance)

87
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown of biochemical substances into simpler substances
(occurs during a state of negative nitrogen balance)

88
Q

What is required for normal metabolism and anabolism?

A

Normal metabolism and anabolism are physiologically possible when the body is in positive nitrogen balance.

89
Q

What occurs during starvation?

A

Starvation is an example of catabolism when wasting of body tissues occurs.

90
Q

What is required for normal metabolism and anabolism?

A

Normal metabolism and anabolism are physiologically possible when the body is in positive nitrogen balance.

91
Q

What type of energy is involved in muscle contraction?

A

Mechanical energy.

92
Q

What type of energy is involved in heat production?

A

thermal energy

93
Q

What type of energy is involved in nervous system function?

A

Electrical energy.

94
Q

when does chyme become feces?

A

once it passes through the ileocecal vale between the small intestine and colon

95
Q

what happens to water as feces moves toward the rectum?

A

water absorbs in the mucosa causing feces to become more firm

96
Q

what does exercise and fiber do to peristalsis?

A

stimulates peristalsis

97
Q

what does feces contain(5)?

A

1) cellulose and other indigestible substances
2) sloughed epithelial cells from the GI tract
3) digestive secretions
4) water
5) microbes

98
Q

What are DRIs and what are the four components?

A

dietary reference intakes
1) EAR (estimated average requirement
2) RDA (recommended dietary allowance)
3) AI (adequate intake
4) UL (tolerable upper intake level)

99
Q

what is EAR?

A

estimated average requirement - amount of nutrients that appears sufficient to maintain a specific body function for 50% of the population based on age and gender

100
Q

what is RDA?

A

recommended dietary allowance - the average needs of 98% of the population (not the exact needs of an individual)

101
Q

what is AI?

A

adequate intake - suggested intake for individuals based on observed or experimentally determined estimates of nutrient intakes used when not enough evidence to set RDA

102
Q

what is UL?

A

tolerable upper intake level - highest level that poses no risk of adverse health events

103
Q

what are the five food groups?

A

1) grains
2) vegetables
3) fruits
4) dairy products
5) meats

104
Q

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) published the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010. What age are the dietary guidelines meant for?

A

older than 2 years

105
Q

choosemyplate provides basic guidelines for:

A

1) balancing calories
2) decreasing portion size
3) increasing healthy foods
4) increasing water consumption
5) decreasing fats, sodium, and sugar

106
Q

what are the two sets of reference values the FDA established for daily values on food labels?

A

1) RDIs (referenced daily intakes) - for proteins, vitamins, and minerals based on RDA

2) DRVs (daily reference values) - consist of nutrients (total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, carbs, fiber, sodium, and potassium)

107
Q

what are daily values based on?

A

percentages of a diet based on a 2,000 kcal/day for adults and children 4 years +

108
Q

. A 22-year-old new mother is breastfeeding. You ask her if she is taking the correct quantities of nutrients. Which statement reflects that she understands the dietary guidelines?
A. “I am not concerned with what I am eating.”
B. “I am taking vitamin doses based on TV.”
C. “I am taking a daily MVI.”
D. “I am making eating choices according to the recommended dietary allowances.”

A

D

109
Q

what factors are associated with eating and drinking in all societies(4)?

A

1) sociological
2) cultural
3) psychological
4) emotional

110
Q

what are the factors that nutrition requirements depend on(5)?

A

1) developmental stage
2) body composition
3) activity levels
4) pregnancy and lactation
5) presence of disease

111
Q

why do environmental factors beyond the control of individuals contribute to the development of obesity?

A

environmental factors can limit a persons likelihood of healthy eating and participation in exercise or other activities of healthy living

112
Q

what are environmental factors that contribute to obesity?

A

1) lack of access to good grocery stores
2) high cost of healthy food
3) more access to unhealthy foods (fastfood or restaurants)
4) lots of advertisement for less healthy food
5) poor access to safe places to play or exercise

113
Q

what developmental stage is characterized by rapid growth and a high need of protein?

A

infants

114
Q

how long is breastfeeding recommended and what are the benefits(3)?

A

recommended for the first 6 months of life

Benefits:
1) reduced food allergies and intolerances
2) easier digestion
3) fewer infant infections

115
Q

what sources does formula get its protein from(5)?

A

1) whey
2) soy
3) cow’s milk
4) casein hydrolysate
5) elemental amino acids

116
Q

why should infants not consume cow’s milk during the first year of life?

A
  • too concentrated for the kidneys
  • poor source of iron, vitamin C and vitamin E
117
Q

how should solid foods be introduced to toddlers?

A

one at a time 4-7 days apart to identify food allergies; they begin exhibiting food preferences

118
Q

how much milk do toddlers consume per day?

A

24 ounces/day

119
Q

why do toddlers sometimes develop milk anemia?

A

because milk is a poor source of iron

120
Q

what occurs with growth and energy requirements of school aged children (6-12 yo)?

A

they grow at a slower rate with a gradual decline in energy requirements per unit of body weight

121
Q

in children 6-12 years of age its important to assess diets for…

A

adequate protein and vitamins A and C

122
Q

what age is more important than chronological age to use for estimating nutritional needs?

A

physiological age

123
Q

describe growth and energy needs for adolescents

A

increased energy needs due to higher metabolic growth demands
* Protein increase needed
* calcium and continuous iron important for females
* vitamin B-complex assists metabolic activity

124
Q

pregnancy within 4 years of menarche…

A

places mother and fetus at risk because of anatomical and physiological immaturity

125
Q

the onset of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa often occurs when?

A

adolescence

126
Q

factors other than nutritional needs that influence diet in adolescence(5):

A

1) body image and appearance
2) desire for independence
3) eating fast-food
4) peer-pressure
5) fad diets

127
Q

describe the growth and energy requirements for young and middle aged adults

A

growth slows and energy required only for maintenance and repair

128
Q

how many additional calories are needed during lactation?

A

an additional 500 above usual allowance with a higher need for protein

129
Q

what does poor nutrition during pregnancy cause?

A

low birth weight in infants and decreases chances of survival

130
Q

why is folic acid particularly important?

A

needed for DNA synthesis and the growth of RBCs

131
Q

what can insufficient folic acid in pregnancy cause(3)?

A

1) fetal neural tube defects
2) anencephaly
3) maternal megaloblastic anemia

132
Q

what are the energy requirements for adults 65 and older?

A

decreased need for energy due to slowed metabolic rate

133
Q

what are age related changes that affect nutrition?

A

1) appetite
2) taste
3) smell
4) digestive system changes
5) fixed incomes
6) oral issues

134
Q

what do zen microbiotic diets consist of?

A

brown rice and other grains and herbal teas

135
Q

vegans lack complete proteins in single foods. how can they get sufficient protein?

A

by using complementary proteins from two or more foods

136
Q

why are vegans at risk for what deficiency?

A

protein and vitamin b12, because it is only available from animal sources

137
Q

whats wrong with zen microbiotic and fruitarian diets?

A

they lack sufficient nutes and carry a risk of malnutrition

138
Q

when dealing with nutrition, sources of professional standards are:

A

1) DRIs
2) USDA myplate dietary guidelines
3) healthy people 2020
4) american heart association
5) american diabetes association
6) american cancer society
7) american society for parenteral and enteral nutrition

139
Q

what is SGA?

A

subjective global assessment - uses patient history + weight + physical assessment data to evaluate nutritional status
* this technique is inexpensive
* can predict nutrition related complication

140
Q

what is anthropometry?

A

a measurement system of the size and makeup of the body

141
Q

what is IBW?

A

ideal body weight - an estimate of what a person should weigh

142
Q

what is BMI?

A

Body mass index - measures weight corrected for height and serves as an alternative to traditional height-weight relationships

143
Q

how many mL is one pint?

A

575 mL

144
Q

how many pounds/kg is i pint (500mL) of fluid?

A

1 lb/ 0.45 kg

145
Q

how do you calculate BMI?

A

weight(kgs)/height(meters) squared

146
Q

what are factors that alter the diagnostic test results for malnutrition(4)?

A

1) fluid balance
2) liver function
3) kidney function
4) presence of disease

147
Q

Common laboratory tests used to study nutritional status include measures of:

A

plasma proteins such as albumin, transferrin, prealbumin, retinol binding protein, total iron-binding capacity, and hemoglobin.

148
Q

what can be calculated to determine serum protein status?

A

nitrogen balance

149
Q

how do you calculate nitrogen balance?

A

6.25/total grams of protein ingested in 24 hour period

150
Q

what are factors that influence serum albumin levels(5)?

A

1) hydration
2) renal or hepatic disease
3) large amounts of drainage from wounds, drains, burns, or the GI tract
4) steroid administration
5) exogenous albumin

151
Q

what is involved in an assessment of a patient’s dietary health history(10)?

A

1) health status
2) age
3) cultural background
4) personal and religious food preferences/patterns
5) socioeconomic status
6) psychological factors
7) use of alcohol or other substances
8) use of supplements
9) prescription or OTC drug use
10) general nutrition knowledge

152
Q

what is dysphagia?

A

difficulty swallowing

153
Q

what are the signs of dysphagia(8)?

A

1) coughing during eating
2) change in tone of voice after swallowing
3) abnormal movements of the mouth, tongue, or lips
4) slow, weak, or uncoordinated speech
5) abnormal gagging
6) delayed swallowing
7) pocketing, regurgitation, pharyngeal pooling
8) inability to speak

154
Q

what does dysphagia often lead to?

A

inadequate food intake which leads to malnutrition

155
Q

how does heart failure influence food intake(6)?

A

patients with heart failure experience:
1) decreased hunger
2) dietary restrictions
3) fatigue
4) shortness of breath
5) anxiety
6) sadness

156
Q

who should you consult when dealing with a patient with dysphagia(4)?

A

1) SLP
2) RD
3) pharmacist
4) speech therapist

157
Q

what is involved with health promotion associated with nutrition(5)?

A

1) education
2) early detection of potential or actual problems
3) meal planning
4) weight loss plans
5) food safety

158
Q

Patients with decreased immune function (e.g., from cancer, chemotherapy, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [HIV/AIDS], or organ transplants) require special diets that _________.

A

decrease exposure to microorganisms and are higher in selected nutrients.

159
Q

what is the preferred method of nutrition delivery for those who cant swallow but have a functioning GI tract?

A

EN - enteral nutrition

160
Q

what type of formula is polymeric?

A

milk-based and blenderized
pt GI tract needs to be able to absorb whole nutrient

161
Q

what type of formula is modular?

A

single-macronutrient (proteins, glucose, lipids, polymers, or lipids) formula that are added to other foods to meet pt needs

162
Q

what type of formula is elemental formula?

A

predigested nutrients, easier for partially dysfunctional GI tracts to absorb

163
Q

what type of formula are specialty formulas?

A

formulas designed to meet specific nutritional needs in certain illnesses

164
Q

what are some examples of EN formulas?

A

osmolite and jevity

165
Q

how do you make sure a patient can tolerate an EN formula?

A

start at slow rates and increase every 8-12 hours

166
Q

if EN will be provided for less than 4 weeks, what is the preferred method?

A

NG tube

167
Q

what form of EN is preferred for long term use?

A

surgically (gastrostomy or jejunostomy), or endoscopically (percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy or jejunostomy) placed tubes.

168
Q

what is a serious complication associated with enteral feeding?

A

aspiration of formula into the tracheobronchial tree, which leads to infection.

169
Q

what is medical nutrition therapy MNT?

A

medical nutrition therapy - specific nutritional therapy used to treat illness or injury

170
Q

what is MNT necessary for(3)?

A

1) metabolizing certain nutrient
2) correcting nutritional deficiencies
3) eliminating foods that worsen disease states

171
Q

MNT is most effective with a team approach that promotes collaboration between..

A

the healthcare team and RD

172
Q

how are peptic ulcers controlled?

A

1) regular meals
2) medications such as h2 receptor antagonists or PPIs

173
Q

what is helicobacter pylori?

A

a bacterium that causes up to 85% of peptic ulcers

174
Q

how are helicobacter pylori infections detected?

A

confirmed using lab tests or a biopsy during endoscopy

175
Q

what types of foods should people with peptic ulcers avoid(5)?

A

foods that increase stomach acidity and pain such as:
1) caffeine
2) decaffeinated coffee
3) frequent milk intake
4) citric acid juices
5) certain seasonings (hot chili peppers, chili powder, black pepper)

176
Q

beside food, what else should people with peptic ulcers avoid(5)?

A

1) smoking
2) alcohol
3) asprin
4) NSAIDs
5) large meals (eat 3 small meals or regular small meals

177
Q

what are some examples of inflammatory bowel diseases?

A

Crohn’s disease and idiopathic ulcerative colitis

178
Q

what does treatment of acute inflammatory bowel disease include?

A

1) elemental diets (formula with nutrients in their simplest form ready for absorption)

2) PN when symptoms like diarrhea or weight loss are prevalent

179
Q

what kind of diet is needed for people with chronic inflammatory bowel disease(2)?

A

1) a regular high-nourishing diet
2) vitamins and iron supplements often needed to correct or prevent anemia

180
Q

how do people manage irritable bowel syndrome(4)?

A

1) increase fiber
2) reduce fat
3) avoid large meals
4) avoid lactose or sorbitol-containing foods (if intolerant)

181
Q

treatments of malabsorption syndromes such as celiac disease includes:

A

gluten-free diet

182
Q

what foods is gluten present in(4)?

A

1) wheat
2) rye
3) barley
4) oats

183
Q

what is short-bowel syndrome?

A

extensive resection of bowel that causes patients to suffer malabsorption due to lack of intestinal surface area

  • patients require lifetime feeding with either elemental enteral formulas or PN
184
Q

what is diverticulitis?

A

Inflammation of the diverticula, which are abnormal but common pouch-like herniations that occur in the bowel lining

185
Q

what is the nutritional treatments for diverticulitis(2)?

A

1) moderate or low-residue diet until infection subsides
2) high-fiber diet for chronic diverticula problems

186
Q

what is the difference between treatments for type one and type two diabetes?

A

type 1 - requires both insulin and dietary restrictions for optimal control

type 2 - patients control type 2 with diet and exercise initially. if ineffective, oral medication is added. if these measures are still insufficient, insulin injections are necessary

187
Q

for type 2 diabetes, the ADA recommends a diet that includes carbohydrates from:

A

1) fruits
2) vegetables
3) whole grains
4) legumes
5) low-fat milk

188
Q

what is the recommended cholesterol/saturated fat/protein intake for type 2 diabetics?

A

saturated fat - less than 7%
cholesterol - less than 200mg/dL
protein - 15 - 20% of diet

189
Q

what are the goals of MNT treatment in diabetics(3)?

A

1) maintain blood glucose levels that are normal or as close as possible

2) lipid and lipoprotein profiles that decrease the risk of microvascular, cardiovascular, neurological, and peripheral vascular complications

3) BP in normal range

190
Q

what is the goal of the american heart association dietary guidelines?

A

reduce risk factors for the development of hypertension and coronary artery disease (CAD).

191
Q

diet therapy for reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease include:

A

1) balancing calorie intake with exercise to maintain a healthy body weight

2) eating diet high in fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain high-fiber foods

3) eating fish 2 times per week

4) limiting food and beverages high in added sugar and salt

192
Q

AHA saturated fat/trans fat/cholesterol recommendations:

A

saturated fat - less than 7%
trans fat - less than 1%
cholesterol - less than 300mg/day

193
Q

how does the AHA recommend accomplishing the saturated fat/trans fat/cholesterol intake goal(3)?

A

1) lean meats and vegies
2) fat-free dairy products
3) limit intake of fats and sodium

194
Q

why does most cancer patients experience nutrition problems?

A

1) malignant cells compete with normal cells increasing patients metabolic needs

2) treatment often causes anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and taste issues

195
Q

what is the goal of MNT in cancer patients?

A

meet the increased metabolic needs of the patient

196
Q

radiation therapy destroys rapidly dividing malignant cells, what cells are also affected in the GI tract and why?

A

epithelial cells in the GI tract because they also rapidly divide

197
Q

what GI issues does radiation therapy cause(5)?

A

1) anorexia
2) stomatitis
3) severe diarrhea
4) strictures of the intestine
5) pain

198
Q

what does radiation therapy to the head and neck cause(3)?

A

1) taste & smell disturbances
2) decreased salivation
3) dysphagia

199
Q

what kind of diet does a patient with cancer require?

A

1) intake that maximizes intake of nutrients and fluids
2) individualized diets that fit patients needs, symptoms, situation

200
Q

what do patients experience with HIV/AIDs when it comes to nutrition?

A

body wasting, severe weight loss, malnutrition

201
Q

why do patients with HIV/AIDs experience body wasting, severe weight loss(8)?

A

1) anorexia
2) stomatitis
3) oral thrush infections
4) nausea
5) recurrent vomiting
6) GI malabsorption
7) altered metabolism of nutrients
8) meds

202
Q

why do HIV/AIDs patients acquire hypermetabolism?

A

systemic infection results in hypermetabolism from cytokine elevation

203
Q

what is the focus of restorative care with HIV/AIDs?

A

1) maximizing kcal intake and nutrients
2) hand hygiene and food safety to prevent infections
ie. minimize exposure to cryptospordium in drinking water, lakes, swimming pools

204
Q

Restorative care of malnutrition resulting from AIDS recommended eating habits.

A

Small, frequent, nutrient-dense meals that limit fatty and overly sweet foods are easier to tolerate. Patients benefit from eating cold foods and drier or saltier foods with fluid in between.

N212 Final (8 decks)

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