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Block 11: Ellen > L12: Growth and development > Flashcards

L12: Growth and development Flashcards

1
Q

4 phases of growth

A

intrauterine
infancy
childhood
pubertal

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2
Q

3 ways cell grow

A

hypertrophy
hyperplasia
volume of intracellular material

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3
Q

when does apoptosis happen in fetal development

A

webs of fingers

formation of hollow organs

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4
Q

when is foetal growth greatest

A

16-20 weeks

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5
Q

when does fat deposition primarily occur in gestation

A

last weeks

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6
Q

when is peak velocity of foetal weight gain greatest

A

34 weeks

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7
Q

what happens to growth after 34 weeks

A

rate of growth gradually declines

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8
Q

senescence=

A

ageing

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9
Q

when is ossification of cartilage completed by

A

3rd decade

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10
Q

what growth is responsible for increasse in height during childhood and adolescence

A

long bone growth

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11
Q

how do long bones grow

A

proliferation and hypertrophy of chondroblasts lying beneath growth plates

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12
Q

what cells then extend into the diaphysis of bone

A

chondrocytes

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13
Q

what happens after puberty to growth plates

A

the growth plate thins and is replaced by bone

epiphysis and diaphysis fuse

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14
Q

where is GH produced

A

anterior pituitary gland

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15
Q

what are the indirect actions of GH mediated by

A

insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) or somatomedins

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16
Q

2 principal IGFs

A

IGF-1

IGF-2

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17
Q

where are IGFs made

A 
liver 
kidneys 
muscle 
cartilage 
bone
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18
Q

before birth how is IGF-1 secreted

A

independant of GH

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19
Q

after birth how is IGF-1 secreted

A

stimulated by GH

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20
Q

how is IGF-2 secreted

A

largely independant of GH

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21
Q

what happens with overexpression of IGF-2 in foetuses

A

disproportionate growth of tongue, muscles, kidney, heart and liver

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22
Q

highest conc of IGF-1 in

A

puberty

23
Q

name 5 other growth factors

A 
T3, T4
prolactin 
placental lactogen 
PTH 
oestrogen/ testosterone
24
Q

when does T3 and T4 secretion begin

A

15-20 weeks gestation

25
Q

what can inadequate levels of thyroid hormone during late foetal development and early prenatal periods lead to

A

severe mental retardation (cretinism)

26
Q

excess cortisol leads to

A

inhibitory growth actions

27
Q

do GH or IGF-1 levels drop in corticosteriods use

A

no

28
Q

would GH correct retardation in corticosteriod treated children

A

no

29
Q

what can corticosteriod treatment lead to

A

osteoporosis

30
Q

what is your growth spurt due to

A

interactions between sex steriods GH and IGF-1

31
Q

in girls GH secretions causes

A

oestradiol-17 beta from ovaries

32
Q

in boys GH secretion causes

A

testosterone from leydig cells

33
Q

what limits bone growth at end of puberty

A

epiphyseal fusion

34
Q

what triggers GH release

A

GHRH

35
Q

what inhibits GH release

A

somatostatin

36
Q

pattern of GH secretion

A

in pulsatile bursts in slow wave (deep sleep)

37
Q

how does IGF-1 effect GH release

A

inhibits GH release by suppressing somatotrophs

38
Q

achondroplasia=

A

a common form of dwarfism in humans

39
Q

mutation in achondroplasia

A

chromosome 4 that codes for fibroblast growth factor receptor 3

40
Q

mutation in achondroplasia leads to

A

decreased endochondral ossification
chondrocyte proliferation inhibition
decreased cellular hypertrophy

41
Q

what develops normally in achondroplasia

A

other organs -normal intelligence

42
Q

acromegaly =

A

hyper-secretion of GH

43
Q

what most commonly causes acromegaly

A

adenoma of pituitary somatotroph cells

44
Q

What does GH deficiency in childhood suggest

A

pituitary dwarfism

45
Q

what can GH deficiency be accompanied by

A

under secretion of other pituitary hormones

46
Q

hypopituitary dwarfism can be caused by

A 
pituitary or hypothalamic tumours 
infection 
infarction 
vascular malformations 
head trauma
47
Q

normal proportions in which dwarfism

A

hypopituitary dwarfism

48
Q

what dwarfism mimics GH deficiency but has high GH levels

A

laron dwarfism

49
Q

what causes laron dwarfism

A

IGF-1 lack of response

50
Q

classic features of hypothyroidism

A 
sluggish 
dry-haired 
thick-skinned
deep voiced 
wt gain 
cold intolerance 
bradycardia
51
Q

children with hypothyroidism=

A

puffy face
low hair line
jaundice
choke frequently

52
Q

treatment of hypothyroidism

A

T4

53
Q

if T4 commenced at birth outcome=

A

good prognosis for normal growth and development

Block 11: Ellen (7 decks)

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