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Neuroscience > L12: Central Visual Pathways I > Flashcards

L12: Central Visual Pathways I Flashcards

1
Q

Primary visual cortex has multiple names, such as

A

Area 17
striate cortex
V1

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2
Q

The reticulo-geniculo-striate pathway is most important for visual perception. Explain the pathway

A

retinal ganglion cell, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, LGN, ultimately to primary visual cortex

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3
Q

Due to the optics of the eye, the visual field mapping onto the retina is inverted and flipped, what does this mean?

A
  • superior nasal field will map onto the inferior temporal retina
  • inferior temporal field will map onto the superior nasal retina
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4
Q

The nasal hemiretinal axons that carry info from temporal visual field will cross while the temporal hemiretinal axons do not cross. When exactly does this crossing occur?

A

The nasal hemiretinal axons cross at the level of the optic chiasm. So visual field representations are crossed at the level of the LGN and cortex

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5
Q

Explain the 6 layers of the LGN

A

lateral geniculate nucleus is found in the thalamus. It has 6 layers (VENTRAL/Layer 1: 2 magnocellular layers and 4 parvocellular layers: DORSAL/Layer 6). These diff layers are eye-specific/will be innervated by the optic nerve but in this way: Contra, ipsi, ipsi, contra, ipsi, contra)

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6
Q

The output of the LGN then creates the optic radiation that provides input to V1, primarily in which layer of the neocortex?

A

Layer 4 gives primary visual cortex, V1 its other name as the striate cortex because it forms the macroscopically visible “stria of gennari”

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7
Q

The visual input into V1 is also ordered retinotopically. But far greater cortex is devoted to which parts of the eye?

A

To central vision -the fovea

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8
Q

The task of vision is divide among several receptor systems. List 3 of them

A

1) the rods
2) 3 cone classes - L-cones, M-cones, S-cones
3) P, M, K signalling pathways

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9
Q

The magnocellular system is specialized for

A

high temporal resolution (speed) and higher contrast gain

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10
Q

The parvocellular pathway is specialized for

A

higher visual acuity and color

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11
Q

The koniocellular pathway is probably also specialized for

A

color perception

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12
Q

Where do you find the koniocellular layers in the LGN?

A

You find the K layers in btw the 6 layers

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13
Q

Both retinal ganglion cells and LGN cells have what types of receptive fields?

A

center-surround receptive fields

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14
Q

The input from the two eyes are segregated until V1, forming what types of columns?

A

ocular dominance (eye preference) columns

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15
Q

Who discovered the ocular dominance columns?

A

Hubel and Wiesel

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16
Q

V1 output that goes to extrastriate cortex, such as V2 (area 18) comes from which layers of the LGN

A

layers 2 and 3

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17
Q

Layer 5 of the V1 sends output to

A

superior colliculus which is a different visual pathway involved in eye movements and head/attentional orientation

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18
Q

Layer 6 of V1 goes

A

back to the LGN, forming the cortico-thalamic feedback loop

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19
Q

V1 neurons’ receptive fields are different from retinal ganglion cells and LGN in that

A

VI neurons are not center-surround receptive fields; they are orientation-tuned/have oriented receptive fields

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20
Q

What does orientation tuning mean?

A

orientation tuning refers to the preference of a cell to be stimulated by an edge of light presented at a particular angle

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21
Q

Why does V1 want to create oriented cells?

A

Orientation tuning is probably the early stage of form vision anaylsis

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22
Q

What are the 2 color opponent signals that are created in the retinal circuitry?

A

1) Red vs Green
2) Blue vs Yellow
* *where yellow is red vs green

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23
Q

Like other sensory neocortex, V1 is columnar. These column of cells will have

A

similar receptive field properties, similar orientation tuning

24
Q

The ocular dominance columns of V1 alternate btw left and right eye. The pattern of the OD columns is interwoven with the pattern of the

A

orientation columns

25
Q

V1 neurons have simultaneously a receptive field position (retinotopy), ocular dominance and preferred orientation except for

A

cytochrome oxidase (CO) blobs which are centered on the ocular dominance columns and contain monocular, UNORIENTED COLOR cells.

26
Q

What makes up the beginnings of the segregation btw the “form” vision an “color” vision pathways?

A

The segregation btw the color blob cells and the regular, oriented V1 cells found in the interblobs

27
Q

What is a hypercolumn?

A

a collection of functional cortical columns that cover the entire range of possible values of one stimulus parameter (e.g. orientation) for a given point in space

28
Q

Give an ex. of a hypercolumn

A

a collection of orientation columns that would cover ALL POSSIBLE orientations from horizontal to vertical and back for a given point in visual space.

29
Q

What is an ocular dominance hypercolumn?

A

a complete set of cortical columns handling both the right and left eyes.

30
Q

The orientation column map an the ocular dominance bands run parallel or perpendicular to one another?

A

perpendicular

31
Q

a 1mm x 1mm chunk of V1 neurons contains both an ocular dominance hypercolumn and an orientation hypercolumn -this implies that

A

this 1 mm2 chunk contains all the cortical machinery required to fully analyze one part of a visual scene for all orientation with both eyes

32
Q

Output of V1 goes to V2 (area 18). Explain the 2 major visual processing streams after V2

A

1) DORSAL stream goes to PARIETAL cortex & seems most concerned with MOTION PERCEPTION and the LOCALIZATION visual objects (aka “WHERE PATHWAY”) -includes visual areas such as MT, MST, Area 7a
2) VENTRAL stream goes to TEMPORAL cortex & seems concerned with object & pattern recognition (aka “WHAT PATHWAY) -includes areas such as V4, PIT, and AIT

33
Q

areas such as V4, PIT, and AIT are involved in which pathway after V2

A

they are involved in the what pathway which is the ventral stream that goes to temporal cortex. and is involved in object & pattern recognition

34
Q

areas such as MT, MST, Area 7a are involved in which pathway after V2

A

they are involved in the where pathway which is the dorsal stream most concerned with motion perception

35
Q

T/F lesions in V1 lead to blindness or scotomas

A

True

36
Q

T/F lesions in higher visual areas often manifest as blindness

A

False -often manifest as specific visual deficits, such as loss of color vision or form vision

37
Q

In V1, there are CO blobs; are there blobs in V2?

A

No, there are not blobs. V2 has STRIPES

38
Q

Explain the 3 types of CO stripes found in V2?

A

Dark stripes:
1) thick stripes - contain oriented , disparity cells and are involved in stereo depth vision
2) thin stripes - contain color cells
Light stripes:
3) Pale stripes - contain oriented cells, often end-stopped, involved in detection of curvature

39
Q

V2 is not as retinotopically organized as V1. Compare the receptive fields of V1 and V2

A

V2 has larger receptive fields

40
Q

What do the V2 stripes suggest?

A

There’s a separation of the visual processing for form, color and depth.

41
Q

T/F: When we see an object as being red-colored, it is because our red cones are being stimulated, not our green or blue cones.

A

False: the 3 different cone types have 3 different spectral sensitivities, but they are very broad and overlapping, not just 3 different wavelengths. SInce our color vision is based on color-opponecy, if we see red-colored object, it is stimulating both the red cones and green cones. So, both red and green cones are stimulated and our visual system must compute the difference (red minus green) to learn that the red cones are stimulated more.

42
Q

Can we see red and green at the same time? Or blue and yellow at the same time? Why or why not?

A

We cannnot see green and red or blue and yellow at the same time due to color opponency.

43
Q

Are the ganglion cells associated with color vision arranged in antagonistic center-surround organization?

A

Probably, but there’s still controversy as to how

44
Q

What is the evidence that color is organized in an orderly cortical map compared to directionality?

A

The orderly cortical map is referring to the layout of the CO blobs in V1. CO blobs are patches of cells that lie in the center of OD column bands (“ice cube” model). CO blobs are color selective, monocular and have center-surround receptive fields. No one has demonstrated an orderly map for directionality in V1 in primates.

45
Q

Do P and M pathways originating from the retina form an orderly cortical map?

A

No, they do not form an orderly cortical map. They make up all the input that goes to form these cortical maps, but the distribution of M and P are dispersed across all those cells and maps.

46
Q

Explain where the inputs of P, M and K pathways go into the visual cortex?

A

K pathway = CO blobs
P pathway = layer 4cb of V1
M pathway = layer 4ca of V1

47
Q

T/F: Although OD and orientation tuning are both properties found in the neurons of visual cortex, individual V1 neurons only exhibit one or the other property.

A

False

48
Q

T/F: Any single cell resides in both an ocular dominance hypercolumn and an orientation column at the same time

A

True

49
Q

List the 5 general info that’s coming from retina to brain.

A

1 - spatial representation -retinotopy & receptive field
2 - intensity/luminence -rods and cones
3 - differential spectral absorption (s-cones, m-cones, l-cones)
4 - spatial contrast -center surround receptive fields, edge detection
5 - sign of contrast -light on dark or dark on light

50
Q

retinal axons can go to LGN and then to visual cortex, but some will not synapse at LGN but to other places, such as

A

1) pretectum = pupillary light reflex
2) superior colliculus = orient movements of head & eyes
3) hypothalamus = regulation of circadian rhythms

51
Q

Which of the following is the structure where a visuotopically organized, alternating (left/right) pattern of monocular responsiveness is found?

A) Layers 2 and 3 of LGN
B) Layer 4 of LGN
C) Layer 2/3 of visual cortex
D) Layer 4 of visual cortex
E) All layers of visual cortex
A

D) Layer 4 of visual cortex

52
Q

Visual area _______ is most specialized for the processing of color information.

A

V4

53
Q

Which of the following statements about Primary Visual Cortex is false?

A) Each of the six layers has distinct cell types that send projections both within cortical columns and to structures outside of cortex.

B) Pyramidal cells are the principal projections neurons of visual cortex.

C) Layer 4C is dominated by spiny stellate cells.

D) The upper layers (layers 2 and 3) project to layer 5.

E) The lower layers (layers 5 and 6) project to the brainstem and thalamus.

A

A

54
Q

In relation to other retinal ganglion cells, the P ganglion cells have

A

finer spatial resolution and better color sensitivity.

55
Q

Which of the following is not a component of the phototransduction signaling cascade initiated by light falling on a rod?

A) Absorption of a photon of light by 11-cis retinal

B) Activation of protein kinase A

C) A conformational change in the rhodopsin protein

D) Dissociation of the α subunit of transducin from the β/γ complex

E) Increased activity of PDE (phosphodiesterase)

A

B

56
Q

The main reason that rods are more sensitive to light than cones is that

A

the rod transduction mechanism provides greater signal amplification.

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