L11: GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS Flashcards
is the term used for an
organism created through genetic engineering.
Genetically modified organism (GMO)
detires GMO as an
“organism, either plant, animal, or microorganism, in which the
genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not
occur naturally by mating or natural recombination.”
The World
Health Organization (WHO. 2014)
GMOs in Food and Agricultural Industries
- Pest resistance
- Virus Resistance
- Herbicide Tolerance
- Fortification
- Increase Growth Rate
- Cosmetic Preservation
GMOs in NON- Food Crops and Microorganisms
- flower production
- paper production
- pharmaceutical production
- bioremediation
- enzyme and drug production
- GMOs in the medical field
Benefits of GMOs
- Higher efficiency in farming
- Increase in Harvest
- Control in fertility
- Increase in food processing
- Improvement of desirable characteristics
- Nutritional and pharmaceutical enhancement
- Reduce the use of fertilizer and pesticides
is playing a significant role from diagnosis to treatment of human-dreaded diseases. .
genetic engineering
genetic engineering helps in the production of
drugs, gene therapy, and laboratory researches
human consumption of GMOs might have the following effects:
- More allergic reactions
- Gene mutation GMO
- Antibiotic resistance
- Nutritional value
Potential Environmental Risks Caused By GMOS
1.Risk in gene
flow
2. Emergence of new forms of resistance and secondary pests and weed problems
3. .Recombination of Virus and Bacteria to Produce New Pathogens
The modified gene from a GMO crop could be transferred to wild organisms in soil and human
intestine when ingested, potentially causing harm to bacteria and fungi, though no studies have
yet been conducted.
Risk in gene flow
GMO crops resistant to certain pesticides may trigger new form of pest resistance while GMO
herbicide- tolerant crops may lead to the over use of the herbicides which may trigger new form
of weed resistance.
Emergence of new forms of resistance and secondary pests and weed problems
the modified gene can be transferred and integrated in the viral or bacterial genes which may lead to viral or bacterial gene modification or mutation. This living modified virus and bacteria may then cause new disease that may affect other organisms including human beings.
Recombination of Virus and Bacteria to Produce New Pathogens
Direct environmental risks are:
- Introduction of the GMOs in the natural environment may cause disruption of
the natural coin munities through competition or interference; - The possibility of unexpected behavior of the GMOs in the environment if it
escapes its intended use and may post threats or become pest; - May cause harmful effects to ecosystem processes if GMOs interfere with the natural biochemical cycles, and
- Tic persistence of GMO genes after its harvest which may cause negative impeers to the consumer of GMO products.
Indirect environmental risks are:
- Alteration of agricultural practices like managing negative impacts of GMOs to the environment such as evolution of insects, pests, and weeds that became resistant to GMO crops;
- May have impacts to biodiversity caused by the alteration in agricultural practices; and
- May have varied environmental impacts due to GMOs interaction and release in the natural environment.
Potential Human Health Risks caused by GMOs
- Consumption of GMOs may have adverse effects since it is not naturally or organically produced;
- Consumption of GMOs may alter the balance of existing microorganisms in the
human digestive system; - Production of toxins may be detrimental to human health; and
- Production of allergens may have adverse effects
on humans.
Mapping of human genes to provide framework for research and studies in the field of medicine. It was feared that the ability to produce human genetic information would create biases and give much power to people holding the information and to the disadvantage of those who do not have the genetic information.
Human Genome Project (HGP) -
Microorganisms Genetically modified bacteria and viruses may mutate to become more resistant or virulent that may cause more dreadful diseases for human beings.
Mutation of genetically engineered-
The asexual reproduction of an organism using parent cell through
genetic engineering.
Cloning -
develops standards, codes of practices, guidelines, and recommendations on food safety. It addresses GMO concerns and
develops principles for human health risk analysis of GM food products.
The Codex Alimentarius Commission, created by the Food and Agricultural Organization
(FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO),
established in 2003, regulates the transboundary movement of living modified organisms, requiring exporters to obtain consent from
importers before shipment
The Cartagena ProtocoL
mandates labeling of GM food and products, ensuring
consumers have the right to choose between GM and non-GM options. The World Health
Organization claims all GM products have passed safety assessments, focusing on
environmental and health risk factors.
The International Trade Agreement
established guidelines in 1998 for the release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
The Philippines’ National Committee on Biosafety (NCBP)
allowing GMO importation.
Administrative Order No. 8,
became the first Asian country to approve commercial GMO cultivation in 2002.
Philippines
2002 TO PRESENT has approved 70 GMO applications, with
62 for food feed and processing and 8 for propagation.
Department of Agriculture
was issued to establish the National Biosafety Framework.
Executive Order No. 514
aimed to promote organic agriculture over GMO-related
ones. Provinces like Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental supported this, establishing Negros
Organic Island and Davao City passing ordinances to ban GMO entry and prevent field testing of
GM Bt eggplan
the Organic Agriculture Act of 2010
proposed mandatory labeling of
GM food and products, but no Philippine biosafety law exists, only regulations under NBF
Representative Teddy Casiño
