L11: GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS Flashcards
is the term used for an
organism created through genetic engineering.
Genetically modified organism (GMO)
detires GMO as an
“organism, either plant, animal, or microorganism, in which the
genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not
occur naturally by mating or natural recombination.”
The World
Health Organization (WHO. 2014)
GMOs in Food and Agricultural Industries
- Pest resistance
- Virus Resistance
- Herbicide Tolerance
- Fortification
- Increase Growth Rate
- Cosmetic Preservation
GMOs in NON- Food Crops and Microorganisms
- flower production
- paper production
- pharmaceutical production
- bioremediation
- enzyme and drug production
- GMOs in the medical field
Benefits of GMOs
- Higher efficiency in farming
- Increase in Harvest
- Control in fertility
- Increase in food processing
- Improvement of desirable characteristics
- Nutritional and pharmaceutical enhancement
- Reduce the use of fertilizer and pesticides
is playing a significant role from diagnosis to treatment of human-dreaded diseases. .
genetic engineering
genetic engineering helps in the production of
drugs, gene therapy, and laboratory researches
human consumption of GMOs might have the following effects:
- More allergic reactions
- Gene mutation GMO
- Antibiotic resistance
- Nutritional value
Potential Environmental Risks Caused By GMOS
1.Risk in gene
flow
2. Emergence of new forms of resistance and secondary pests and weed problems
3. .Recombination of Virus and Bacteria to Produce New Pathogens
The modified gene from a GMO crop could be transferred to wild organisms in soil and human
intestine when ingested, potentially causing harm to bacteria and fungi, though no studies have
yet been conducted.
Risk in gene flow
GMO crops resistant to certain pesticides may trigger new form of pest resistance while GMO
herbicide- tolerant crops may lead to the over use of the herbicides which may trigger new form
of weed resistance.
Emergence of new forms of resistance and secondary pests and weed problems
the modified gene can be transferred and integrated in the viral or bacterial genes which may lead to viral or bacterial gene modification or mutation. This living modified virus and bacteria may then cause new disease that may affect other organisms including human beings.
Recombination of Virus and Bacteria to Produce New Pathogens
Direct environmental risks are:
- Introduction of the GMOs in the natural environment may cause disruption of
the natural coin munities through competition or interference; - The possibility of unexpected behavior of the GMOs in the environment if it
escapes its intended use and may post threats or become pest; - May cause harmful effects to ecosystem processes if GMOs interfere with the natural biochemical cycles, and
- Tic persistence of GMO genes after its harvest which may cause negative impeers to the consumer of GMO products.
Indirect environmental risks are:
- Alteration of agricultural practices like managing negative impacts of GMOs to the environment such as evolution of insects, pests, and weeds that became resistant to GMO crops;
- May have impacts to biodiversity caused by the alteration in agricultural practices; and
- May have varied environmental impacts due to GMOs interaction and release in the natural environment.
Potential Human Health Risks caused by GMOs
- Consumption of GMOs may have adverse effects since it is not naturally or organically produced;
- Consumption of GMOs may alter the balance of existing microorganisms in the
human digestive system; - Production of toxins may be detrimental to human health; and
- Production of allergens may have adverse effects
on humans.
Mapping of human genes to provide framework for research and studies in the field of medicine. It was feared that the ability to produce human genetic information would create biases and give much power to people holding the information and to the disadvantage of those who do not have the genetic information.
Human Genome Project (HGP) -
Microorganisms Genetically modified bacteria and viruses may mutate to become more resistant or virulent that may cause more dreadful diseases for human beings.
Mutation of genetically engineered-
The asexual reproduction of an organism using parent cell through
genetic engineering.
Cloning -
develops standards, codes of practices, guidelines, and recommendations on food safety. It addresses GMO concerns and
develops principles for human health risk analysis of GM food products.
The Codex Alimentarius Commission, created by the Food and Agricultural Organization
(FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO),
established in 2003, regulates the transboundary movement of living modified organisms, requiring exporters to obtain consent from
importers before shipment
The Cartagena ProtocoL
mandates labeling of GM food and products, ensuring
consumers have the right to choose between GM and non-GM options. The World Health
Organization claims all GM products have passed safety assessments, focusing on
environmental and health risk factors.
The International Trade Agreement
established guidelines in 1998 for the release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
The Philippines’ National Committee on Biosafety (NCBP)
allowing GMO importation.
Administrative Order No. 8,
became the first Asian country to approve commercial GMO cultivation in 2002.
Philippines
2002 TO PRESENT has approved 70 GMO applications, with
62 for food feed and processing and 8 for propagation.
Department of Agriculture
was issued to establish the National Biosafety Framework.
Executive Order No. 514
aimed to promote organic agriculture over GMO-related
ones. Provinces like Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental supported this, establishing Negros
Organic Island and Davao City passing ordinances to ban GMO entry and prevent field testing of
GM Bt eggplan
the Organic Agriculture Act of 2010
proposed mandatory labeling of
GM food and products, but no Philippine biosafety law exists, only regulations under NBF
Representative Teddy Casiño
the Supreme Court declared null and void, temporarily halting GMO importations and
propagation procedures.
Administrative Order No. 8, series of 2002 of the Department of Agriculture
five government agencies, including the ??
issued a Joint Department Circular No. 1, establishing rules for genetically modified plant
research, handling, and management.
Department of Science and Technology
Agriculture, Environment and Natural Resources
Health
Interior and Local Government,
In 2001, a former overseas Filipino worker in Singapore turned farmer, attendest the Integrated Pest Management Farmers Field School and was introduced to Bt. Corn, a genetically modified coin that is resistant to the Jestructive Asian corn bor
Rosalie Ellasus,
1951 genetic engineering was coined
Jack Williamsen
genetically modified plants to resist certain pests.
Pest resistance
An example is Bt Corn. The DNA (genome) of the Bt Corn has been modified with the gene of bacillus thuringiensis. a soil bacterium that produces proteins which is toxic to corn borers (worms)
PEst resistance
genetically modified plants to resist certarin viruses.
Virus resistance
An example is GM papaya or rainbow papaya. The papaya: ringspot virus (PRSV) is known the dertemal to papaya plants. The protein of PRSV was introduced to the papaya plant through want tissue which turned out to be resistant to the rin itself. The effect was like the vaccines humans have sagamse measles or influenza virus.
Virus resistance
genetically modified plants to tolerate herbicide.
Herbicide tolerance
An example is Roundup Ready soybean. Glyphosate, an herbicide for weeds, was introduced to soybeans making it tolerant to the herbicide itself. Farmers then can spray the herbicide killing the weeds but not the soybeans.
Herbicide tolerance
genetically modified plants fortified with certain minerals.
Fortification
An example is Golden Rice. Beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, was introduced through biosynthesis genes to the rice, making the rice grains fortified with vitamin A.
Fortification
An example is Arctic Apple. The apple variety was genetically modified to suppress the browning of apple due to superficial damage.
Cosmetic preservation-
genetically modified plants resist natural discoloration.
Cosmetic preservation-
Increase growth rate a genetically modified organism that has higher yield in growth than normal species.
Increase growth rate
An example is AquAdvantage salmon. A gene from an ocean pout, an eel-like fish was introduced to Pacific Chinook salmon, making the salmon grow faster than its normal rate.
Increase growth rate
. Paper production examples
poplar trees
flower production example
GMOs in flower production
are seen in modified color and extended vase life of flowers.
Flower production
- modified characteristics of trees for higher yield of paper production.
. Paper production
Bioremediation
shrub tobacco or Nicotiana glauca,
modified plants to produce - pharmaceutical products.
Pharmaceutical productions
Pharmaceutical productions examples
periwinkle plants.
Enzyme and drug production example
CGTase. Cyclomaltodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) and artemesin.
use of modified plants that can assist in the bioremediation of polluted sites.
Bioremediation
is a compound used for anti-malarial drug extracted from sweet wordwood plant.
Artemesinic acid
is playing a significant role from diagnosis to treatment of human-dreaded diseases. It helps in the production of drugs, gene therapy, and laboratory researches.
GMOs in the medical field genetic engineering
use of modified microorganisms that can produce enzymes for food processing and medicines.
Enzyme and drug production
the genetically engineered insulin used by Type 1 diabetes patients who are insulin- dependent. In the past, insulin is extracted from the pancreases
Humulin,
with the use of pesticide-resistant/herbicide-tolerant GMO crops, there will be less use for herbicides/pesticides, and lower cost for labor and cultivation.
Higher efficiency in farming
GMO crops resistant to pests and diseases means increase in potential growth and harvest.
Increase in harvest
controlling the purity of the hybrid seeds (GMO seeds) ensures higher yields.
Control in fertility
altered characteristics of GMO crops help ease food processing.
Increase in food processing
-GMOs offer longer shelf life, enhanced color and taste, enhanced production or reduction of enzymes, and other modified characteristics of plants, animals, and microorganisms.
Improvement of desirable characteristics
GMO crops like maize fortified with lysine and Golden Rice fortified with vitamin A and iron. There are now edible vaccines for viral and diarrheal diseases.
Nutritional and pharmaceutical enhancement
There are over ???? acres of GMO farmlands all over the world.
400 million
The top five countries that operate GMO farmlands are the
United States, Brazil, Argentina, India and Canada
GMO food may trigger more allergic reactions, more so create new ones, as side effect of the gene alteration.
More allergic reactions
GMO food may develop abnormalities and mutation, more than the desired product of the gene alteration.
Gene mutation
GMO food contains antibiotic- resistant genes, this may cause disease-causing bacteria likely to be more antibiotic-resistant too, increasing the possibility of widespread of the disease.
Antibiotic resistance
GMO food may have change in their nutritional value.
Nutritional value
labeling of food products with GMo
Sen. Juan Flavier
