L11: GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS

Question 1

is the term used for an
organism created through genetic engineering.

Answer 1

Genetically modified organism (GMO)

Question 2

detires GMO as an
“organism, either plant, animal, or microorganism, in which the
genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not
occur naturally by mating or natural recombination.”

Answer 2

The World
Health Organization (WHO. 2014)

Question 3

GMOs in Food and Agricultural Industries

Answer 3

1. Pest resistance
2. Virus Resistance
3. Herbicide Tolerance
4. Fortification
5. Increase Growth Rate
6. Cosmetic Preservation

Question 4

GMOs in NON- Food Crops and Microorganisms

Answer 4

1. flower production
2. paper production
3. pharmaceutical production
4. bioremediation
5. enzyme and drug production
6. GMOs in the medical field

Question 5

Benefits of GMOs

Answer 5

• Higher efficiency in farming
• Increase in Harvest
• Control in fertility
• Increase in food processing
• Improvement of desirable characteristics
• Nutritional and pharmaceutical enhancement
• Reduce the use of fertilizer and pesticides

Question 6

is playing a significant role from diagnosis to treatment of human-dreaded diseases. .

Answer 6

genetic engineering

Question 7

genetic engineering helps in the production of

Answer 7

drugs, gene therapy, and laboratory researches

Question 8

human consumption of GMOs might have the following effects:

Answer 8

• More allergic reactions
• Gene mutation GMO
• Antibiotic resistance
• Nutritional value

Question 9

Potential Environmental Risks Caused By GMOS

Answer 9

1.Risk in gene
flow
2. Emergence of new forms of resistance and secondary pests and weed problems
3. .Recombination of Virus and Bacteria to Produce New Pathogens

Question 10

The modified gene from a GMO crop could be transferred to wild organisms in soil and human
intestine when ingested, potentially causing harm to bacteria and fungi, though no studies have
yet been conducted.

Answer 10

Risk in gene flow

Question 11

GMO crops resistant to certain pesticides may trigger new form of pest resistance while GMO
herbicide- tolerant crops may lead to the over use of the herbicides which may trigger new form
of weed resistance.

Answer 11

Emergence of new forms of resistance and secondary pests and weed problems

Question 12

the modified gene can be transferred and integrated in the viral or bacterial genes which may lead to viral or bacterial gene modification or mutation. This living modified virus and bacteria may then cause new disease that may affect other organisms including human beings.

Answer 12

Recombination of Virus and Bacteria to Produce New Pathogens

Question 13

Direct environmental risks are:

Answer 13

• Introduction of the GMOs in the natural environment may cause disruption of
  the natural coin munities through competition or interference;
• The possibility of unexpected behavior of the GMOs in the environment if it
  escapes its intended use and may post threats or become pest;
• May cause harmful effects to ecosystem processes if GMOs interfere with the natural biochemical cycles, and
• Tic persistence of GMO genes after its harvest which may cause negative impeers to the consumer of GMO products.

Question 14

Indirect environmental risks are:

Answer 14

• Alteration of agricultural practices like managing negative impacts of GMOs to the environment such as evolution of insects, pests, and weeds that became resistant to GMO crops;
• May have impacts to biodiversity caused by the alteration in agricultural practices; and
• May have varied environmental impacts due to GMOs interaction and release in the natural environment.

Question 15

Potential Human Health Risks caused by GMOs

Answer 15

• Consumption of GMOs may have adverse effects since it is not naturally or organically produced;
• Consumption of GMOs may alter the balance of existing microorganisms in the
  human digestive system;
• Production of toxins may be detrimental to human health; and
• Production of allergens may have adverse effects
  on humans.

Question 16

Mapping of human genes to provide framework for research and studies in the field of medicine. It was feared that the ability to produce human genetic information would create biases and give much power to people holding the information and to the disadvantage of those who do not have the genetic information.

Answer 16

Human Genome Project (HGP) -

Question 17

Microorganisms Genetically modified bacteria and viruses may mutate to become more resistant or virulent that may cause more dreadful diseases for human beings.

Answer 17

Mutation of genetically engineered-

Question 18

The asexual reproduction of an organism using parent cell through
genetic engineering. In February 24, 1997, the first mammal, Dolly, a sheep from Scotland was born through cloning. With its celebrated success came the fear of human cloning. It emerged the ethical issue of man “playing God

Answer 18

Cloning -

Question 19

develops standards, codes of practices, guidelines, and recommendations on food safety. It addresses GMO concerns and
develops principles for human health risk analysis of GM food products.

Answer 19

The Codex Alimentarius Commission, created by the Food and Agricultural Organization
(FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO),

Question 20

established in 2003, regulates the transboundary movement of living modified organisms, requiring exporters to obtain consent from
importers before shipment

Answer 20

The Cartagena ProtocoL

Question 21

mandates labeling of GM food and products, ensuring
consumers have the right to choose between GM and non-GM options. The World Health
Organization claims all GM products have passed safety assessments, focusing on
environmental and health risk factors.

Answer 21

The International Trade Agreement

Question 22

established guidelines in 1998 for the release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

Answer 22

The Philippines’ National Committee on Biosafety (NCBP)

Question 23

allowing GMO importation.

Answer 23

Administrative Order No. 8,

Question 24

became the first Asian country to approve commercial GMO cultivation in 2002.

Answer 24

Philippines

Question 25

2002 TO PRESENT has approved 70 GMO applications, with
62 for food feed and processing and 8 for propagation.

Answer 25

Department of Agriculture

Question 26

was issued to establish the National Biosafety Framework.

Answer 26

Executive Order No. 514

Question 27

aimed to promote organic agriculture over GMO-related
ones. Provinces like Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental supported this, establishing Negros
Organic Island and Davao City passing ordinances to ban GMO entry and prevent field testing of
GM Bt eggplan

Answer 27

the Organic Agriculture Act of 2010

Question 28

proposed mandatory labeling of
GM food and products, but no Philippine biosafety law exists, only regulations under NBF

Answer 28

Representative Teddy Casiño

Question 29

the Supreme Court declared null and void, temporarily halting GMO importations and
propagation procedures.

Answer 29

Administrative Order No. 8, series of 2002 of the Department of Agriculture

Question 30

five government agencies, including the ??
issued a Joint Department Circular No. 1, establishing rules for genetically modified plant
research, handling, and management.

Answer 30

Department of Science and Technology
Agriculture, Environment and Natural Resources
Health
Interior and Local Government,