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Psychology of personality > L11,12 > Flashcards

L11,12 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does MISTRA stand for?

A

Minnesota Study of Twins reared apart

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2
Q

Twins included in MISTRA study (# and age limit)

A

100 pairs, separated before 5 months and raised apart

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3
Q

Limitations (2) of Jim Twins

A

Confirmatory Bias
Remarkable similarities compared to other twins in study

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4
Q

DNA stands for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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5
Q

Double helix of DNA contains 3 parts

A

Deoxyribose (sugar), phosphate, and base

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6
Q

4 types of base in DNA

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

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7
Q

2 main functions of dna

A

replicate itself
direct synthesis of protein

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8
Q

Replication of DNA

A

double helix unzips separating the bases. These bases attract to their complements (creating 2 idential dna)

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9
Q

what is a gene

A

length of base sequence that codes for 1 protein chain

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10
Q

amino acid

A

organic molecules that link together to determine the shape and function of proteins

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11
Q

Genome

A

entire set of chromosomes (3.3 billion base pairs)

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12
Q

allele

A

alternate form of a gene. different characteristics

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13
Q

genotype

A

unique combo of indivs alleles

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14
Q

phenotype

A

observed characteristics- result of interaction b/w genotype and environment

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15
Q

Quantitative genetics goals (2)

A

1) estimating heritability of quantitative traits
2) est the influence of shares and non shared environment on quantitive traits

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16
Q

definition of heritability

A

proportion of total variance in the phenotype which is due to variance in the genotype

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17
Q

shared factors (quantative genetics) & non shared

A

shared: experienced the same by siblings in the same household (vary between families)
Nonshared : environmental factors experienced differently by siblings growing up in the same family. vary within families

18
Q

heritability formula

A

h2= 2(r of mz-r dz)

19
Q

variance not explained by genetics is comprised of what?

A

environment and measurement error

20
Q

less reliable scales product __ heritability estimates (lower or higher)

A

lower

21
Q

how is the equal environment assumption violated (2)

A

1) most (3/4) MZ twins share a common placenta and chorionic sac. DZ twins do not.
2) post natal environment- MZ twins may get treated more similarly than DZ twins. (however research disputes this- MZ twins still concordant when treated as DZ twins)

22
Q

direct estimate of heritability study design

A

adoption study on identical twins

23
Q

limitation of adoption study

A

fosters homes more homogenous than families at large

24
Q

heritability estimates across twin and adoption designs for extraversion and neuroticism (most common studies)

A

50%, 40% neuroticism

25
Q

studies to test contribution of shared environment (2)

A

mz twin adoption studies
non-twin adoption studies

26
Q

mz twin adoption studies very similar on areas of MISTRA study, except 1 intell test? Raised together or apart had higher correlation?

A

WAIS. together, higher environmental influence

27
Q

Twin study (together and apart) for Extra version and neuroticism. which was higher?

A

Twins raised together was higher for both, except in shields study

28
Q

2 workhorses of quantitative genetics (nature, then nurture)

A

Twin
Adoption

29
Q

adoption research says family resemblance is a result of Genes or Environment??

A

Genes

30
Q

Types of non-shared environment factors (5)

A

1) Sibling interactions
2) Differential parental treatment (some evidence mothers treat siblings different- no correlation between maternal affection) may be effect of sibling difference (not cause)`
3) Family structure variables (birth order, sibling spacing)
4) extra familial experiences (Friends, sports, etc)
5) Major life events (accidents, trauma)

31
Q

MZ differences Method- definition and what is it used for?

A

-Looks at twins raised together that are markedly different.
-to determine if non-shared environmental factors relate to behavioural outcomes.

32
Q

2 ways genes and environments work together

A

1) Genotype- environment interaction, and correlation

33
Q

Genotype- environment interaction definition

A

ppl with different genotypes respond differently to the same environment

34
Q

example of genotype-environment interaction

A

DAT1 genotype AND maternal rejection contributes to depression (need both in combo)

35
Q

3 types of Gen.Env. correlation

A

Passive
evocative
active

36
Q

Passive Gen. environment correlation

A

parents passively provide genes and environment to foster genes

37
Q

Evocative G.E. correlation

A

Indivs with genetic propensities evoke reactions from others. ie musically gifted children picked out for special opportunities

38
Q

Active G.E. correlation

A

indiv w genetic propensities seek out environment to foster skills/genes

39
Q

best method for detecting small single gene effects

A

allelic association method

40
Q

allelic association method definition

A

compare allelic frequencies for groups of low-scoring and high-scoring indivs on a quantitative traits

41
Q

example of allelic association

A

D4DR (dopamine transmission) and novelty seeking. long-repeat D4D4 alleles (less efficient at proecessing dopamine) seek novelty to increase dopamine release

Psychology of personality (7 decks)

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