L10 Mutualism, Commensalism, and Habitat Fragmentation

Question 1

Mutualism

Answer 1

Relationship btwn 2 species that benefits both species

• mutualistic organisms depend on each other for survival

ex. movement of pollen btwn flowers on plant by bee (non-sym)

Non-Symbiotic Mutualism: physically separate
Symbiotic Mutualism: physically connected (ex birds feeding on fleas on antelopes)

Question 2

Commensalism

Answer 2

Relationship btwn 2 species that benefits 1 species but does not affect other

• organisms involved don’t depend on each other for survival

ex. anemones grown on hermit-crab shells
frog using plant for protection

Question 3

Effects of Neonics on Bees

Answer 3

• non-lethal doses hinder development of honeybee larvae
• less time spent caring for brood, more at perimeter of nest
• hive abandonment + die out over winter
• reduces resistance to mites, parasites, pathogens, leading to Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD)

Question 4

Neonicotinoids

Answer 4

Regulations Restricting Neonicotinoids:
- health Canada proposed ban
- banned in Mtl and Van
- Ontario phased out neonicotinoids except in areas w demonstrated pest problem

Difficulty in Backing a Full Ban:
- Factors that contribute to CCD:
parasites, pest, pathogens
habitat loss and food supply
queen bee quality
weather
hive management
pesticides

Question 5

Algae and fungi in lichens

Answer 5

(symbiotic mutualism) algae provides fungi with food and fungi provides algae w nutrients and place to live

Question 6

Parasitism Predation

Answer 6

Parasitism:
symbiosis in which one organism (parasite) causes harm to another (host) which the parasite uses as habitat and depends on for resource acquisition

Question 7

Plants and Mycorrhizae

Answer 7

Soil fungi live in/on roots of plants
- mycorrhizal provide plants w nutrients
- plants provide mycorrhize w food

Question 8

Habitat Fragmentation

Answer 8

The breakup of a larger connected habitat into smaller unconnected fragments

Question 9

Metapopulation

Answer 9

• collection of smaller, physically separated populations of same species
• migration effects are important in isolated populations
• can ignore migration if look at whole metapopulation

a group of spatially separated populations of the same species which interact at some level

Question 10

Classic Metapopulation

Answer 10

Recolonization
Population B increasing –> Population A decreasing
(migration)

• isolated populations are far enough that they could go extinct
• near enough that migration btwn isolated populations is possible
• migration can go either way

MID VARIABLE PATCH SIZE, MID CONNECTIVITY

(LOOK AT DIAGRAMS IN LECTURE SLIDES)

Question 11

Core/Satellite Metapopulation

Answer 11

• large core population is extinction-resistant
• satellite populations are smaller and may become extinct
• colonization/recolonization occurs from core to satellite

HIGHLY VARIABLE IN PATCH SIZE, HIGHLY ISOLATED

Question 12

Patchy

Answer 12

• more well-connected than the classic metapopulation
• no isolated population becomes extinct

MID VARIABLE PATCH SIZE, HIGHLY CONNECTED

Question 13

Non- Equilibrium

Answer 13

• less well-connected than classic metapop
• extinct isolated populations not recolonized

MOSTLY SMALL PATCH SIZE, HIGHLY ISOLATED

Question 14

Habitat Fragmentation Solutions

Answer 14

bridges and stuff like that i guess

King Road Salamanders:
- endangered and need to cross road in spring for reproduction
- EIA solution–> temporary road closures instead of underpasses