l10

Question 1

what are the four types of change?

Answer 1

evolution
adaptation
revolution
reconstruction

Question 2

explain evolution as a type of change.

Answer 2

incremental speed of change, transformation.
proactive change implemented gradually through inter-related initiatives

Question 3

explain adaptation as a type of change.

Answer 3

incremental speed of change, realignment.
change undertaken to realign way in which organisation operates, implemented using series of steps.

Question 4

explain revolution as a type of change.

Answer 4

big bang speed of change, transformation.
transformational change that occurs via simultaneous initiatives on many fronts. forced & reactive to changing comp conditions.

Question 5

explain reconstruction as a type of change.

Answer 5

big bang speed of change, realignment.
change undertaken to realign operations with changing comp context.

Question 6

what is lewins force field analysis?

Answer 6

forces driving the change need to be stronger than the forces resist change

Question 7

state the three types of barrier to change according to lewin.

Answer 7

cultural barriers
personnel barriers
psychological contract

Question 8

explain cultural barriers as a barrier to change.

Answer 8

structural inertia - cumulative effect of all systems & procedures the organisation has installed over years to ensure consistency & quality

group inertia - may block change where changes are inconsistent with team norms

power structures - may be threatened by redistribution of decision making authority or resources, re-routing lines communication

Question 9

explain personnel barriers as a barrier to change.

Answer 9

• habit
• security
• pay reductions, redundancy
• fear of the unknown
• loss of power / status
• selective information processing

Question 10

explain psychological contracts as a barrier to change.

Answer 10

equilibrium between wants of employees and what employers are prepared to offer has been disturbed by proposed change. there is resistance to the change until employers restore equilibrium with renewed offer

Question 11

what is a change agent?

Answer 11

responsible for design / co-ordination of change programme

Question 12

what is change target?

Answer 12

those affected by the change

Question 13

how does lewins model suggest to achieve change?

Answer 13

unfreeze, move, refreeze.
suggests forces for change will prevail if existing culture is unfrozen before change is implemented and new culture then frozen in

Question 14

state and explain five different management styles to implement change.

Answer 14

education & communication : training in normal way
participation : work through change together
intervention : external user to help org see through change
manipulation : “scare tactics” to frighten people into accepting change
coercion : forceful to accept change or get out

Question 15

how is change communicated to shareholders?

Answer 15

annual general meeting, press releases

Question 16

how is change communicated to employees?

Answer 16

meetings, briefings, 1-to-1s

Question 17

how is change communicated to customers & suppliers?

Answer 17

meetings, letters, posters, press releases

Question 18

what is the idea of the cultural web?

Answer 18

gerry johnson. explains why firms fail to adjust to change. firms develop way of understanding organisation, called paradigm, and found it difficult to think & act outside of paradigm if it was strong.

Question 19

state and explain the four reasons for resisting change according to kotter.

Answer 19

parochial self-interest : some people concerned with implication of change & how it affects them rather than success of business
misunderstanding : communication problems, inadequate info
low tolerance : want security & stability
different assessments : may have diff perspectives on reasons for change