L10 Flashcards
Mutualism
Relationship btwn 2 species that benefits both species
- mutualistic organisms depend on each other for survival
ex. movement of pollen btwn flowers on plant by bee (non-sym)
Non-Symbiotic Mutualism: physically separate
Symbiotic Mutualism: physically connected (ex birds feeding on fleas on antelopes)
Commensalism
Relationship btwn 2 species that benefits 1 species but does not affect other
- organisms involved don’t depend on each other for survival
ex. anemones grown on hermit-crab shells
frog using plant for protection
Effects of Neonics on Bees
- non-lethal doses hinder development of honeybee larvae
- less time spent caring for brood, more at perimeter of nest
- hive abandonment + die out over winter
- reduces resistance to mites, parasites, pathogens, leading to Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD)
Neonicotinoids
Regulations Restricting Neonicotinoids:
- health Canada proposed ban
- banned in Mtl and Van
- Ontario phased out neonicotinoids except in areas w demonstrated pest problem
Difficulty in Backing a Full Ban:
- Factors that contribute to CCD:
parasites, pest, pathogens
habitat loss and food supply
queen bee quality
weather
hive management
pesticides
Algae and fungi in lichens
(symbiotic mutualism) algae provides fungi with food and fungi provides algae w nutrients and place to live
Parasitism Predation
Parasitism:
symbiosis in which one organism (parasite) causes harm to another (host) which the parasite uses as habitat and depends on for resource acquisition
Plants and Mycorrhizae
Soil fungi live in/on roots of plants
- mycorrhizal provide plants w nutrients
- plants provide mycorrhize w food
Habitat Fragmentation
The breakup of a larger connected habitat into smaller unconnected fragments
Land Sharing
Integration of conservation and less intense production
Pros:
- promote ecosystem services in agricultural settings
- more land available for species w high tolerance to land fragmentation
Cons:
- potential losses of species that are vulnerable to land fragmentation
Land Sparing
Separation of conservation and intense production
Pros:
- increase crop yield per area
- protects species vulnerable to land fragmentation
Cons:
- misuse of spare land
- low quality land assigned to be ‘“spare land”
Metapopulation
- collection of smaller, physically separated populations of same species
- migration effects are important in isolated populations
- can ignore migration if look at whole metapopulation
a group of spatially separated populations of the same species which interact at some level
Classic Metapopulation
Recolonization
Population B increasing –> Population A decreasing
(migration)
- isolated populations are far enough that they could go extinct
- near enough that migration btwn isolated populations is possible
- migration can go either way
MID VARIABLE PATCH SIZE, MID CONNECTIVITY
(LOOK AT DIAGRAMS IN LECTURE SLIDES)
Core/Satellite Metapopulation
- large core population is extinction-resistant
- satellite populations are smaller and may become extinct
- colonization/recolonization occurs from core to satellite
HIGHLY VARIABLE IN PATCH SIZE, HIGHLY ISOLATED
Patchy
- more well-connected than the classic metapopulation
- no isolated population becomes extinct
MID VARIABLE PATCH SIZE, HIGHLY CONNECTED
Non- Equilibrium
- less well-connected than classic metapop
- extinct isolated populations not recolonized
MOSTLY SMALL PATCH SIZE, HIGHLY ISOLATED
