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Cell Bio > L1. What are cell & how do we see them > Flashcards

L1. What are cell & how do we see them Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define cell

A

the basic structural and functional unit of any living organism

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2
Q

Where does the variability of a cell come from

A

the central dogma - the flow of genetic information

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3
Q

what is the central dogma

A
  • DNA -> RNA -> Protein
  • Different cells have different genes and mRNAs that are produced at different levels
  • Making different amount of mRNAs will change how the cell functions through proteins
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4
Q

define Evolution

A

process by which living cells become gradually modified

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5
Q

define genome

A

library of genetic information

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6
Q

explain the light microscope

A
  • simplest microscope
  • light is refracted and passes through an objective lens to be viewed through the eyepiece
  • certain dyes can be soaked up by certain organelles/cells/tissues for visualization and differentiation
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7
Q

different microscopies utilizing contrast adjustments

A
  • bright-field
  • phase-contrast
  • interference-contrast
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8
Q

Fluorescence microscopy

A
  • Light is emitted and filters split the light by only allowing certain wavelengths of light to pass through
  • Can use an antibody to detect any protein and add a fluorescent tag on it
  • Can see where the tag is bc it stains a specific part of the organism
  • Can take pictures using different filters to see different emissions
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9
Q

Fluorescence microscopy - what do you need to know

A

specifics on fluorochromes bc different organisms rely on different fluorochromes

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10
Q

Confocal microscopy

A
  • used for staining more 3D images of tissues
  • Takes different Z-stacks and can look at different layers of tissue
  • It takes the different stacks and compress it into one to create a clear image
  • Cannot see what is going on inside the cell
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11
Q

Transmission electron microscopy

A
  • Meant for 2D imaging with high resolution
  • Involves taking specimen and embedding it in heavy metal, then it gets bombarded with electrons
  • Can get down to protein level
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12
Q

Scanning electron microscope

A
  • Used for 3D images
  • Specimen is coated and bombarded by electron, there is a detector that captures the electrons and constructs a 3D image
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13
Q

what is the nucleus

A
  • enclosed within two concentric membranes that form the nuclear envelope
  • contains molecules of DNA
  • regulation of gene expression
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14
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • site where most cell-membrane components, as well as materials destined for export from the cell, are made
  • can be rough or smooth
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15
Q

what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

protein synthesis, translocation, folding, glycosylation, antigen processing

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16
Q

what is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

lipid synthesis, steroid hormone synthesis, detoxification, storage of calcium ions

17
Q

what is the Golgi complex / apparatus

A
  • Checkpoint junction - protein sorting
  • Protein modification through glycosylation, completion of glycolipid and shingomyelin synthesis
18
Q

what is the mitochondria

A

Generation of energy in the form of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation

19
Q

what is the chloroplast

A

Generation of energy in the form of ATP via photosynthesis

20
Q

what are lysosomes

A
  • Breaks down material
  • Recycling membranes and old organelles
  • antigen processing
21
Q

what are Peroxisomes

A
  • Synthesis and degradation of hydrogen peroxide
  • oxidation of fatty acids
  • photorespiration in plants
22
Q

what are Endosomes

A
  • Sorting of protein between endocytic and exocytic traffic
  • sorting of receptors and ligands
  • signaling
23
Q

Bacteria

A
  • No nucleus
  • Have cell walls and cytoplasm
  • DNA is attached to cell wall with ribosomes there
24
Q

what did Carl Woese accomplish

A

Came up with the three domains of life:
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eucarya (eukaryotes)

25
Q

Carl Woese - how did he accomplish his discovery

A
  • took ribosomal RNA across species
  • Closer the species are to each other, the more likely they will have similar sequences
  • Farther they are = more likely to have differences
26
Q

Care Woese - what happened as more technology improved his tree

A

newer tree suggests eukaryotes are more similar to archaea

27
Q

Archaea

A
  • Some have elaborate membrane-like structure/protrusions that interacts with other bacteria
  • Could have taken up a bacteria and it becomes the mitochondria and nucleus develops after that
28
Q

how are archaea different from bacteria

A
  • they live in extreme environments (some have been found to live in less-extreme environments as well)
  • cell walls are made of a different matter
  • less standard energy production
29
Q

how are bacteria different from archaea

A
  • cell walls of peptoglycen
  • cannot survive in extreme environments
  • more standard energy production
30
Q

similarities between bacteria and archaea

A
  • no nucleus
  • no organelles
  • single celled
  • prokaryotes
  • evolved from a single ancestor
31
Q

what is the more accepted endosymbiotic theory

A
  1. Anaerobic archaea interact with aerobic bacteria (used oxygen to make ATP)
  2. Ectosymbiont (bacteria) becomes endosymbiont as the aerobic bacteria becomes enclosed within the anaerobic bacteria
  3. Membranes of archaea fold in and enclose DNA to become nucleus – becomes more efficient but more costly (thus needs bacteria)
  4. Other folds become other organelles
32
Q

Evolution of plant cells

A
  • Photosynthetic bacterium interacts with early eukaryotic cells and becomes enclosed
  • Bacterium then becomes chloroplast
33
Q

what allowed the specialization of cell types and the evolution of milticellularity

A

processes and organelles evolving after the symbiotic event allowing cells to undergo contemporization

34
Q

what is the cytoskeleton

A
  • Protein components create scaffolding/roads of cell
  • Helps break apart chromosomes during cell division

Cell Bio (21 decks)

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