L1 review of nervous system

Question 1

what are the 2 parts of the nervous system?

Answer 1

CNS
PNS

Question 2

what are the basic constituents of the nervous system?

Answer 2

-neurones
-glial cells
-blood vessels
-connective tissue - eg meninges CNS etc

Question 3

what are examples of glial cells?

Answer 3

-schwann cells
-oligodendrocytes
-microglial cells
-astrocyte
-ependymal cells

Question 4

define afferent neurones / sensory neurons

Answer 4

carry info from periphery to CNS

Question 5

define efferent neurons / motor neurons

Answer 5

carry info from CNS to periphery

Question 6

compare structure of white matter vs grey matter

Answer 6

1.white matter - myelinated axons - conduct, process and send nerve signals up and down the spinal cord within brain
2. grey matter - neural cell bodies, axon terminals, dendrites etc

Question 7

describe the structure of the cerebrum

Answer 7

-2 cerebral hemispheres separated by a longitudinal fissure, connected by the corpus callosum
-gyri (bumps) on surface
-sulci - grooves between gyro
-lobes - frontal, pariteal, occipital and temporal

Question 8

what functions is the left hemisphere responsible for?

Answer 8

• analysis
  -verbal
  -motor planning
  -automatised processes

Question 9

what functions is the right hemisphere responsible for?

Answer 9

-synthesis
-shift/select attention
-novel info

Question 10

describe the structure % function of the frontal lobe

Answer 10

-divided into prefrontal area, pre-motor area & motor area
-prefrontal area- thought, emotions, creativity
-premotor area - co-ordination of mvt
-motor area- fine tune mvts, specific muscles
-also contains brooks area - production of speech sounds

Question 11

describe structure and function of parietal lobe

Answer 11

-parietal lobe is involved in sensations eg touch, pressure and temp
- contains primary area (receives signals directly from sensory receptors)
-contains secondary area - receives info from deeper structures & primary area

Question 12

describe the structure and function of the occipital lobe

Answer 12

-most posterior lobe
-involved in vision
-contains primary visual area (receives input from optic tract)
-contains secondary visual areas - integrates visual info

Question 13

describe the function of the temporal lobe

Answer 13

-associated w/ auditory processing & olfaction
-involved in semantics or word meaning
-contains wenickes area - understanding and producing meaningful speech

Question 14

list functions and important areas of all the lobes in the brain

Answer 14

Question 15

what is the insular cortex?

Answer 15

-sometimes referred to as the 5th lobe
-deep structure within the lateral sulcus between temporal and frontal lobe
-thought to be involved in consciousness and emotion, motor control, self-awareness, cognitive functioning etc

Question 16

what is the limbic system?

Answer 16

the part of the brain involved in our behavioural and emotional responses

Question 17

describe the basal ganglia

Answer 17

-group of subcortical nuclei and part of the extrapyramidal system
-primary function is motor control
-also involved in timing and scaling and relaying information
-also suppresses unwanted mvt

Question 18

what is the internal capsule?

Answer 18

-structure located amongst the basal ganglia
-white matter structure carrying fibres from both ascending and descending pathways to and from the cerebral cortex

Question 19

how many hemispheres are in the cerebellum and what are they separated by?

Answer 19

2 hemispheres separated by the vermis

Question 20

what are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?

Answer 20

-flocculonodular lobe
-anterior lobe
-posterior lobe

Question 21

describe the flocculonodular lobe

Answer 21

-vestibulocerebellum
-connected to the vestibular system and functions in balance mechanisms

Question 22

describe the anterior lobe

Answer 22

-spino-cerebellum
-corrects mvt errors and receives incoming info from higher centres

Question 23

describe the posterior lobe

Answer 23

-cerebro-cerebellum
-houses memory of mvt and involved in learning, planning and timing of mvt

Question 24

what are the functions of the cerebellum?

Answer 24

-coordination
-smooth mvt
-balance
-motor planning
-motor learning
-muscle tone
-speech
=fine tune mvts
-memory

Question 25

what structure is the mid brain made up of?

Answer 25

-mid brain
-pons
-medulla

Question 26

what level does the spinal cord end at?

Answer 26

L1/L2

Question 27

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

Answer 27

31

Question 28

how are the spinal nerves divided?

Answer 28

-cervical - 8
-thoracic-12
-lumbar - 5
-sacral - 5
-coccygeal - 1

Question 29

what are the spinal meninges?

Answer 29

3 layers that surround the spine - dura mater, arachnoid aid mater and Pia mater which contain CSF to protect spinal cord

Question 30

what are the ascending tracts?

Answer 30

-dorsal column medial lemniscus DCML
-spinothalamic tract
-spinocerebellar

Question 31

what are the pyramidal descending pathways?

Answer 31

-corticospinal
-corticobulbar

Question 32

what are the extrapyramidal descending pathways?

Answer 32

-reticulospinal
-vestibulospinal

Question 33

what is a dermatome?

Answer 33

-area of skin supplied by spinal nerve

Question 34

what is a myotome?

Answer 34

group of muscles innervated by a particular spinal nerve

Question 35

how is the PNS divided?

Answer 35

-somatic - conscious sensitivity and movement
-automatic - internal organs