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Cell physiology and pharmacology > L1- Introduction > Flashcards

L1- Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

endogenous

A

from within the body e.g. hormones

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2
Q

exogenous I

A

natural but from the outside e.g. plant based- antibiotics, morphine etc

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3
Q

exogenous II

A

synthetic- man made

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4
Q

main extracellular signalling groups

A

endocrine paracrine autocrine

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5
Q

endocrine paracrine autocrine defined by

A

distance and volume

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6
Q

endocrine hormones circulate

A

the whole body

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7
Q

endocrine glands are highly

A

potent

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8
Q

where will endocrine hormones act on

A

tissues with correct receptors

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9
Q

endocrine signals are subject to

A

tight feedback control

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10
Q

types of endocrine signalling molecules

A

Hydrophilic 1

Hydrophilic 2

Lipophilic

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11
Q

Hydrophilic 1

A

catecholamines

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12
Q

amines

A

Amino acid derivatives – small charged hydrophilic with receptors in plasma membrane

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13
Q

Hydrophilic 2

A

Peptides and proteins

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14
Q

Peptides and proteins receptors in

A

the plasma membrane

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15
Q

Lipophilic

A

steroids

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16
Q

steroids

A

common derivation from cholesterol.

- receptors are intracellular

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17
Q

catecholamines are

A

hydrophilic and act on the plasma membrane

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18
Q

peptides and proteins are

A

hydrophilic and work on the plasma membrane (more slowly than catecholamines)

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19
Q

steroids

A

lipophilic and work on cytosolic and nuclear receptors

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20
Q

paracrine signalling

A

short distance signalling e.g. from cell to cell or nearby cells

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21
Q

paracrine molecules are released into

A

the extracellular environment

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22
Q

paracrine molecules induce

A

changes in receptor cells

23
Q

example of paracrine signalling

A

NT at synaptic junctions

24
Q

neurotranmitters

A

electrochemical signals that travel 20nm to cross synaptic junctions in less than a msec

25
Q

major groups of NT

A

amino acids, monoamines, peptides, Ach

26
Q

Ach- excitatory or inhibitory

A

Excitatory

27
Q

Adrenaline- excitatory or inhibitory

A

Excitatory

28
Q

Noradrenaline- excitatory or inhibitory

A

Excitatory

29
Q

Dopamine- excitatory or inhibitory

A

Excitatory and inhibitory

30
Q

Seratonin- excitatory or inhibitory

A

Excitatory

31
Q

adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine and seratonin are what types of NT

A

monoamines

32
Q

name some amino acid NTs

A

glutamate glycine and GABA

33
Q

Glutamate- excitatory or inhibitory

A

Excitatory

34
Q

Glycine- excitatory or inhibitory

A

mainly inhibitory

35
Q

Gaba- excitatory or inhibitory

A

Inhibitory

36
Q

endogenous molecules

A

made by self

  • engineered by evolution to carry and transfer specific signal
  • optimal for job
37
Q

exogenous molecules

A

drugs

  • engineered by human design to carry and transfer ‘imposter’ signal
  • fit may be sub-optimal or antagonistic
38
Q

what is possible with exogenous molecules

A

side effects

39
Q

Signal molecules target (acronym)

A

RITE

40
Q

R stands for

A

receptor

41
Q

I stands for

A

Ion channel

42
Q

examples of ion channels

A
  • ligand gates
  • voltage agted
  • GPCR
43
Q

T stands for

A

transporters

44
Q

E stands for

A

Enzymes

45
Q

exceptions to RITE

A
  • Chemotherapy: target is structural protein or DNA
  • Antibiotics- kill specific organism
  • Drug which kills specific cancer cells
46
Q

receptors acronyms

A

KING

47
Q

K

A

kinase linked receptors

48
Q

I

A

ion channel

49
Q

N

A

nuclear/ intracellular

50
Q

G

A

GPCR

51
Q

example ligand-gated ion channel (inotropic)

A

Nictoninc

Ach receptor

52
Q

example GPCR

A

Muscarinic

ACh receptor

53
Q

example Kinase-linked receptors

A

cytokine receptors (TFs)

54
Q

example Nuclear receptors

A

steroids- oestrogen receptor

Cell physiology and pharmacology (20 decks)

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